Docetaxel (DTX) is found to be very effective against glioma cell in vitro. However, in vivo passage of DTX through BBB is extremely difficult due to the physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of the drug. No existing formulation is successful in this aspect. Hence, in this study, effort was made to send DTX through blood-brain barrier (BBB) to brain to treat diseases such as solid tumor of brain (glioma) by developing DTX-loaded nanoliposomes. Primarily drug-excipients interaction was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. The DTX-loaded nanoliposomes (L-DTX) were prepared by lipid layer hydration technique and characterized physicochemically. In vitro cellular uptake in C6 glioma cells was investigated. FTIR data show that the selected drug and excipients were chemically compatible. The unilamellar vesicle size was less than 50 nm with smooth surface. Drug released slowly from L-DTX in vitro in a sustained manner. The pharmacokinetic data shows more extended action of DTX from L-DTX in experimental rats than the free-drug and Taxotere Õ . DTX from L-DTX enhanced 100% drug concentration in brain as compared with Taxotere Õ in 4 h. Thus, nanoliposomes as vehicle may be an encouraging strategy to treat glioma with DTX.

Antifungal drugs prevent topical or invasive fungal infections (mycoses) either by stopping growth of fungi (termed fungistatic) or by killing the fungal cells (termed fungicidal). Antibiotics also prevent bacterial infections through either bacteriostatic or bactericidal mechanisms. These microorganisms successfully develop resistance against conventional drugs that are designed to kill or stop them from multiplying. When a fungus no longer responds to antifungal drug treatments and continues to grow, this is known as antifungal drug resistance. Bacteria have an amazing capacity to become resistant to antibiotic action as well, and the effectiveness of the scarce antifungal arsenal is jeopardised by this antibiotic resistance, which poses a severe threat to public health.

3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technique that has been found to have extensive applications in disease research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. 3D bioprinting might be a solution to global organ shortages and the growing aversion to testing cell patterning for novel tissue fabrication and building superior disease models. It has the unrivaled capability of layer-by-layer deposition using different types of biomaterials, stem cells, and biomolecules with a perfectly regulated spatial distribution. The tissue regeneration of hollow organs has always been a challenge for medical science because of the complexities of their cell structures. In this mini review, we will address the status of the science behind tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting of epithelialized tubular hollow organs. This review will also cover the current challenges and prospects, as well as the application of these complicated 3D-printed organs. Graphical abstract

The aim of the present work was designed to develop a model-sustained release matrix tablet formulation for Metformin hydrochloride using wet granulation technique. In the present study the formulation design was employed to statistically optimize different parameters of Metformin hydrochloride tablets at different drug-to-polymer ratios employing polymers Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose of two grades K4M and K100M as two independent variables whereas the dependent variables studied were X60, X120, T50, T90, n, and b values obtained from dissolution kinetics data. The in vitro drug release studies were carried out at simulated intestinal fluids, and the release showed a non-Fickian anomalous transport mechanism. The drug release was found to reveal zero order kinetics. The granules and the tablets were tested for their normal physical, morphological, and analytical parameters and were found to be within the satisfactory levels. There were no significant drug-polymer interactions as revealed by infrared spectra. It has been found out that on an optimum increased Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M concentration and decreased Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M concentration the formulations were elegant in terms of their release profiles and were found to be statistically significant and generable.

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