We succeeded in visualizing the spatial distribution of the local elasticity of mitotic human chromosomes in a liquid environment using scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Force-versus-indentation curves (force curves) were collected over an entire single chromosome. To estimate the local elasticity of thin chromosomes from the force curves, we examined the validity of a previously proposed model that takes into account the effect of the finite thickness of samples on the estimation of the local elasticity. The force curves obtained are well represented by the model within a small indentation range. The elasticity obtained is independent of the indentation within an indentation range of 100 nm. Such fitting procedures for the force curves collected are carried out over the entire chromosome, and the elasticity distribution of a single chromosome is visualized.

We developed an autostereoscopic display for distant viewing of 3D computer graphics (CG) images without using special viewing glasses or tracking devices. The images are created by employing referential viewing area-based CG image generation and pixel distribution algorithm for integral photography (IP) and integral videography (IV) imaging. CG image rendering is used to generate IP/IV elemental images. The images can be viewed from each viewpoint within a referential viewing area and the elemental images are reconstructed from rendered CG images by pixel redistribution and compensation method. The elemental images are projected onto a screen that is placed at the same referential viewing distance from the lens array as in the image rendering. Photographic film is used to record the elemental images through each lens. The method enables 3D images with a long visualization depth to be viewed from relatively long distances without any apparent influence from deviated or distorted lenses in the array. We succeeded in creating an actual autostereoscopic images with an image depth of several meters in front of and behind the display that appear to have 3D even when viewed from a distance.

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