An effective foreign gene transfer method for shrimp would have several potential uses in the shrimp culture industry, such as in preventing infectious diseases. We evaluated two gene transfer methods and used black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, as a model target species. For a promoter, we used the 1,592-bp promoter region of the EF-1alpha gene, a house-keeping gene, of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. The promoter region was linked to either the gene for green fluorescence protein (GFP) or the gene for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). The fusion genes were designated pJEF-GFP and pJEF-CAT, respectively. The pJEF-GFP gene was introduced into fertilized eggs of black tiger shrimp by microinjection and particle gun bombardment. The survival rate of the microinjected eggs was 17.6%, and 1.0% of the treated embryos were found to be GFP-positive. However, the GFP-positive embryos were damaged and embryogenesis did not progress. The survival rate of the particle-bombarded eggs was 60.6%, and 0.42% of the treated embryos were found to be GFP-positive. Ubiquitous GFP expression was observed from 8 hr post-fertilization and these embryos developed and hatched normally. The pJEF-CAT gene was introduced into fertilized eggs of black tiger shrimp using the optimized conditions of the particle gun bombardment. CAT activity was observed from 1 to 7 days post-fertilization, with the highest activities being observed at 5 and 7 days post-hatching.

This paper reviews the motives of Japanese independent travelers and offers a conceptualization-Journeys for Experiences. A desegregation of the independent traveler market is broken down into the three effected segments: Careerists, Collectors and Mainstreamers. These segments are compared to generic segments of the Japanese market, and the effectiveness of Japanese tourism policy reviewed in terms of this segmentation. Also identified is the need for target marketing and image differentiation in promotion, in order to match the differential importance of motives by each segment toward the product offered both in terms of perceived and consumed experiences.

This paper reports on an image processing algorithm and hardware for fast, precise inspection of LSI wafer patterns. In order to detect deep sub-micron defects such as 0.2 pm at high speed by grayscale image comparison, we must overcome the sampling errors that inevitably occur between two images during detection. For this purpose, we have developed a subpixel image alignment algorithm that infers the correct sampling position and creates the two resampled images with subpixel accuracy. We have also developed an 8-channel pipelined processor with gate arrays. It has 8 x 19,000 gates and can operate at 8 x 15 MHz. Evaluation of the system conjirmed that the accuracy of the subpixel image alignment was 0.16 pixels or less and that the inspection system could detect 0.1 8 pm defects at a pixel size of 0.25 pm for half-micron LSI wafer patterns with an inspection speed of 2.5 slcm2.

The theoretical hole transport characteristics (Hall and drift mobilities, and effective Hall factor) are reported for the cubic phase of p-type GaN. These characteristics are calculated using the “relaxation time approximation” as a function of temperature. The calculations show that the dominant lattice scattering mechanism for holes is the acoustic deformation potential. In the calculation of the scattering rate for ionized impurity mechanism, the activation energy of 120 or 250 meV is used at different compensation ratios of given acceptor concentrations. Comparing the scattering time in these activation energies, it is found that the activation energy difference is negligible at high compensation ratios. We determined the anisotropy factors separately, due to the anisotropy of the energy surface for heavy- and light-hole bands, and these parameters are taken into account in the Hall factor calculations. The Hall factors are very important when we attempt to compare the calculated drift mobility with measured Hall ones. The theoretical Hall mobilities at total hole concentrations of 3.5 ×1015 and 3.5 ×1016 cm-3 are about 312 and 225 cm2V-1s-1, respectively, with the activation energy of 120 meV and the compensation ratio of 0.5 at 300 K. It is found that Hall mobilities are strongly affected by the compensation ratios. The obtained effective Hall factor in the cubic phase of GaN is in the range of 1.4 (T=120 K) to 1.8 (T=400 K).

This paper presents a mobile robotic system designed to perform deep soil sampling for lunar subsurface exploration in the near future. Drilling robots have to carry the excavated regolith backward because of its high density. Therefore a new scheme is proposed, to move forward under the soil by making use of reactive force caused by pushing the discharged regolith. Simple experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.