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Three studies investigated causal reasoning when 2 dispositions-one more common than the other-are both consistently associated with a behavior. Subjects rated the rare disposition as the more important cause when the behavior itself was rare but violated the covariation principle by rating the common disposition as more important when the behavior was relatively common. Results suggest that use of the covariation principle may be the most important heuristic for inferring causality only when the action to be explained is relatively rare. When the behavior is a common one, causal attributions may be more influenced by a principle of generative strength, with observers assigning greater causal importance to the disposition they believe to be stronger.As Kahneman and Varey (1990) have noted, the study of causality has traditionally been approached from two very different perspectives. The dominant view in both psychology and philosophy has antecedents in the writings of Hume (1739/ 1964) and Mill (1872. This perspective treats causality in terms of probability, as a contingent relation between events. For example, Mill proposed that a factor is designated a cause if it is present when the effect is present and absent when the effect is absent (i.e., the method of difference). Within psychology, Mill's proposals have a close affinity with the views of Kelley (1967), who suggested that the naive attributor tends to base causal attributions on a principle of covariation.From McArthur (1972) on, the bulk of empirical evidence in social psychology has indicated that attributions are in fact frequently covariation based. Recently, Fosterling (1989) has suggested that extensions and refinements of the Kelley model (e.g., Hewstone & Jaspars, 1987;Hilton & Slugoski, 1986;Pruitt & Insko, 1980) can be unified within an analysis of variance (ANOVA) framework, and Cheng and Novick (1990Novick ( , 1991Novick ( , 1992 have proposed a probabilistic extension of the ANOVA analogy. These investigators offered impressive evidence that, at least when people are given sufficient information, causal attributions are indeed determined by covariation.Despite the support for a covariation-based explanation of

This study investigated whether actors and observers differ in their beliefs about what features of an individual best reflect his/her "authentic self " Some subjects rated the extent to which both dispositional traits (e.g., the tendency to be adventurous or not adventurous) and the specific content of the activities, thoughts, and feelings that exemplified those traits (e.g., "the things you do for adventure") reflected their "authentic selves. " Others made the same judgments about affined. Self-raters believed that the specific contents of their experiences were better indicators of their "authentic selves" than were their general dispositions, but friend-raters believed that the "authentic selves" of their acquaintances were better reflected by their general dispositions. Female subjects, both self-raters and friend-raters, tended to believe that the contents of covert emotional experiences were better indicators of the "authentic self" than male subjects did.

The antigenic relationships among Hart Park (HP) virus strain AR 70, Flanders virus strain 61-7484, and other related strains were investigated. Strains AR 70 and 61-7484 were shown to be antigenically related but different from each other in neutralization, complement fixation, and double-diffusion tests. Two strains isolated in Texas and one strain each, isolated in Illinois and Florida, appeared to be closely related if not identical to Flanders virus (61-7484) and antigenically related but different from HP virus AR 70. Ten additional strains isolated in 10 different states were compared to the two prototype strains. Seven of the 10 could not be distinguished from Flanders virus, and all 10 strains were different from HP virus. The results indicate that a virus-type consisting of viruses antigenically related if not identical to Flanders virus is widely distributed within the United States, whereas HP virus is antigenically related but different from this type.on August 5, 2020 by guest http://iai.asm.org/ Downloaded from

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