The prime consideration during processing of oilseeds to meals and flakes, i.e. toasting or cooking, is the time-temperature-moisture content relationship. Protein dispersibility decreases during the processing steps with an increase of any of these variables, but there is a threshold value for each variable below which the denaturation rate is very slow. In general, denaturation of protein is measured by its water dispersibility, i.e., denaturation increases as protein water solubility decreases.

Recent inland spills in Latin America have generated interest in dispersant use for freshwater oil spills. However, oil spill dispersants primarily are formulated for use in marine waters. Dispersants that are designed for saltwater use show reduced effectiveness when applied in freshwater. The effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 in low salinity waters varies with the type of oil, the dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR), and other factors. The effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 can decrease markedly at salinities of 15 ppt or less. The authors observed an increase in effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 in freshwater when the dispersant was blended with an inorganic, divalent salt, such as calcium chloride, prior to use (patent pending). COREXIT® 9500* refers here to the blend of the salt and dispersant. The Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness Test (EXDET) was used to evaluate dispersant performance in deionized water and in river water samples from Rio de la Plata, Argentina. COREXIT® 9500 showed 22% effectiveness on Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil in deionized water, a value indicative of poor effectiveness. Depending on the amount of calcium chloride added, COREXIT® 9500* showed up to 63% effectiveness on ANS crude oil in deionized water, which indicates good effectiveness. The effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500* and COREXIT® 9500 was compared for three additional crude oils both in deionized water and in river water. In all cases, the effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 was lower compared with COREXIT® 9500*.

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A new dispersant effectiveness test, named EXDET, was developed to address certain concerns associated with currently available laboratory dispersant effectiveness test procedures. This new procedure uses standard laboratory equipment (such as a Burrell Wrist-Action Shaker) and small volumes of water, oil, and chemical dispersant. Other features include the capabilities to mass balance the dispersed and non-dispersed oil, and to generate replicate data for statistical analysis. Details of the new procedure are presented and data at various test conditions illustrate features of the laboratory test method. Variables, such as dispersant/oil ratio, dispersant addition method, water salinity and oil/water ratio can readily be investigated for various crude oils and dispersants with the new method.

The protein industry is in a technical improvement revolution that will lead to tastier and flatulence free products. They will have longer shelf life, allow higher product yields, and be more efficient in energy conservation. The improved processes discussed include methods for making superior quality flours and grits, better extruded products, and higher quality concentrates and isolates. The new products will have high protein efficiency ratio ratings and a broad range of nitrogen solubility index. Some of the decision-making information that processors should have before appropriating capital are described.