These findings suggest that the homocysteine concentration, which is easily modifiable by means of dietary intervention, is an important risk factor for hip fracture in older persons.

Nursing home residents in the highest vitamin D group (800 IU) had a lower number of fallers and a lower incidence rate of falls over 5 months than those taking lower doses. Adequate vitamin D supplementation in elderly nursing home residents could reduce the number of falls experienced by this high falls risk group.

Background: Although dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessed areal bone density (aBMD) is the clinical standard for determining fracture risk, the majority of older adults who sustain a fracture do not have osteoporosis (T-score < −2.5). Importantly, bone fragility results not only from low BMD, but also from deterioration in bone structure. We used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) data from eight cohorts to evaluate whether HR-pQCT indices were associated with fracture risk independently of femoral neck (FN) aBMD and FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) score. Methods: Participants included 7,254 individuals (66% women) from cohorts in the USA (Framingham, Mayo Clinic), France (QUALYOR, STRAMBO, OFELY), Switzerland (GERICO), Canada (CaMos), and Sweden (MrOS). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) for the association between bone parameters (per standard deviation, SD, deficit) and incident fracture, adjusting for age, sex, height, weight and cohort. Findings: Mean baseline age was 69 (±9) years (range, 40 to 96). Cumulative incidence of fracture was 11% (n=765) over a mean follow-up time of 4.6 (± 2.4) years. The majority of participants (92%) had a femoral neck T-score >−2.5, and thus did not meet diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis. Failure load was the bone measure most strongly associated with risk of fracture: tibia HR=2.40 (1.98-2.91), radius HR=2.13 (1.77-2.56), per SD decrease in failure load. HRs for other bone indices ranged from HR=1.12 (1.03-1.23) per SD increase in tibia cortical porosity to HR=1.58 (1.45-1.72) per SD decrease in radius trabecular volumetric bone density (vBMD). After further adjustment for FN aBMD or FRAX, HRs were attenuated, but most bone parameters remained significantly associated with fracture. Cortical density, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness at the distal radius were the best set of predictors of fracture; while the same indices plus cortical area were identified for the tibia. These HR-pQCT indices and failure load improved prediction of fracture, beyond FN aBMD alone or FRAX. Interpretation: Results from this large international cohort of women and men confirm prior studies showing that deficits in trabecular and cortical bone density and structure contribute to fracture risk independently of aBMD and FRAX. Measurements of cortical and trabecular bone density and morphology at the peripheral skeleton may improve identification of those at highest risk for fracture. Funding: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, R01AR061445

Older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) tend to have normal or greater areal bone mineral density (aBMD), as measured by DXA, than those who do not have diabetes (non-T2D). Yet risk of fracture is higher in T2D, including 40% to 50% increased hip fracture risk. We used HR-pQCT to investigate structural mechanisms underlying skeletal fragility in T2D. We compared cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture, density, bone area, and strength in T2D and non-T2D. In secondary analyses we evaluated whether associations between T2D and bone measures differed according to prior fracture, sex, and obesity. Participants included 1069 members of the Framingham Study, who attended examinations in 2005 to 2008 and underwent HR-pQCT scanning in 2012 to 2015. Mean age was 64 AE 8 years (range, 40 to 87 years), and 12% (n ¼ 129) had T2D. After adjustment for age, sex, weight, and height, T2D had lower cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) (p < 0.01), higher cortical porosity (p ¼ 0.02), and smaller cross-sectional area (p ¼ 0.04) at the tibia, but not radius. Trabecular indices were similar or more favorable in T2D than non-T2D. Associations between T2D and bone measures did not differ according to sex or obesity status (all interaction p > 0.05); however, associations did differ in those with a prior fracture and those with no history of fracture. Specifically, cortical vBMD at the tibia and cortical thickness at the radius were lower in T2D than non-T2D, but only among those individuals with a prior fracture. Cortical porosity at the radius was higher in T2D than non-T2D, but only among those who did not have a prior fracture. Findings from this large, community-based study of older adults suggest that modest deterioration in cortical bone and reductions in bone area may characterize diabetic bone disease in older adults. Evaluation of these deficits as predictors of fracture in T2D is needed to develop prevention strategies in this rapidly increasing population of older adults.

Low dietary vitamin K intake was associated with low BMD in women, consistent with previous reports that low dietary vitamin K intake is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. In contrast, there was no association between dietary vitamin K intake and BMD in men.