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Hybrid energy system are a promlsmg option considering low cost energy supply. The integration of renew able sources to diesel only systems allows for a reduction in diesel generator fuel consumption. However, significant issues with renewable power systems are their intermittency and unpredictability. This influence can be limited by an improved energy management strategy. State of the art strategies, which claim a low energy cost, are based on averaged photovoltaic (PV) data. Applying these methods to systems using real PV data results in an inefficient operation of the diesel generator and increased cost. In this paper, a new control strategy for the operation of diesel generators in systems with high (> 70%) PV penetration is proposed. This new operational strategy is based on a filter-based control, including a Kalman or Particle filter and a small storage to undertake the standby capacity of the diesel generator. Based on the filtered photovoltaic data, an optimal operating point for the diesel generator is identified. Simulation analysis using the load profile of a cargo complex shows that this method significantly improves the diesel generator operation by 50% reduction in cold starts compared to conventional hybrid energy management strategies. The proposed strategy also achieves up to 7% savings in cost of energy with high PV penetration.

Abstract-A novel load pull methodology to characterize the performance of class-E outphasing power amplifiers is presented. The traditional analysis of the outphasing topology cannot be applied when class-E amplifiers are used because these amplifiers do not behave as an ideal current or voltage source. Unlike most other amplifier classes, class-E amplifiers require a phase modulated input signal with constant amplitude. Additionally, class-E amplifiers have non-linear transfer characteristics which are a function of the load impedance. The methodology presented here is based on finding the load locus in the load pull plane of an individual class-E amplifier. Then the performance of the two class-E amplifiers in the outphasing topology is readily obtained. The key advantage of the method is that the load pull characterization of only a single amplifier is required. The methodology is general in that any passive load combining circuit can be used and any amplifier combination can be used in the outphasing topology provided that their load pull data is available. The load locus is derived without any reference to the phase difference between the drive signals.

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