A simulation study on the effect of hydrogen and ethanol addition as supplementary fuel for gasoline engine at lean mixture (equivalence ratio ϕ = 0.8) was carried out to reduce the gasoline share in the mixture, thus reducing the fuel consumption and harmful emissions. The effect of supplementary fuels on engine performance, emissions, and availability was investigated. This was done by changing the ratio between gasoline and the supplementary fuels in the fuel mixture to achieve the required equivalence ratio. The first part of the simulation consisting of the performance and emissions calculated using the first law, was conducted for all engine speeds. The second part consisting of an availability analysis was conducted at the rated speed of 2750 rpm. The simulation study was conducted using the data obtained from measurements of Ricardo E6/T engine parameters (variable compression ratio engine). The data was also used to verify the models. The study shows that the hydrogen addition reduced the carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO 2) share at the lean mixture. The hydrogen addition significantly improved the heat release rate compared with pure gasoline; however, the heat released was close to the top dead center due to its fast burning speed. The ethanol addition improved the first law performance of the engine, e.g., power and efficiency; however, at the cost of increased heat loss. It also improved the indicated work availability in comparison with the addition of hydrogen.

Abstract-One of the vital natural parameters that impact photovoltaic (PV) execution is dust deposition. The accumulation of dust on the surface of a photovoltaic is natural. The accumulation dust can decreases the sunlight reaching the solar cell, performance of solar panels and losses the power generated. This studies show the result of accumulation duct how can reduce the generated power and performance of solar panels. The study's results clarified that rain I natural cleaner of dust. Also, dust accumulation depends mainly on the PV arrays site. For this purpose, The PV module location must be selected carefully. The yield of PV is appraised by producers under Standard Test Conditions (STC), which is, the temperature = 25 o C; sunlight based irradiance (force) = 1000 W/m 2 , and solar air mass= 1.5 [5]. These conditions are effectively reproduced in a manufacturing plant however the circumstance is diverse for open air [6]. With the expanding utilization of PV frameworks, it is essential to assess the impacts of the dynamic meteorological parameters, for example, stickiness, tidy, temperature, and wind speed on the PV framework's proficiency [7]. However, Iraq is characterized by frequent dust storms and so many dusty days, which recurs most of the days of spring and autumn [9]. Two decades of continuous drought, and the movement of military vehicles in the three wars within the territory of Iraq has caused this country to convert west side of it to a source of sand basin [10]. This Jaafer A Khadem, is currently the head of the Energy and Renewable Index Terms-