A novel cold-tolerant bacterium, designated strain YJ56T, was isolated from Antarctic soil collected from the Cape Burk area. Phylogenetic analysis through 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity revealed that strain YJ56T was most closely related to the genus Pseudarthrobacter , including Pseudarthrobacter oxydans DSM 20119T (99.06 % similarity), Pseudarthrobacter polychromogenes DSM 20136T (98.98 %) and Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans ALLT (98.76 %). The genome size (5.2 Mbp) of strain YJ56T was the largest among all the published genomes of Pseudarthrobacter type strains (4.2–5.0 Mbp). The genomic G+C content of strain YJ56T (64.7 mol%) was found to be consistent with those of other Pseudarthrobacter strains (62.0–71.0 mol%). The average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values between strain YJ56T and P. sulfonivorans ALLT were estimated at 84.1 and 84.2 %, respectively. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value between the two strains was calculated to be 28.0 %. This rod-shaped and obligate aerobic strain exhibited no swimming or swarming motility. It had catalase activity but no oxidase activity. Cells grew at 4–28 °C (optimum, 13 °C) and pH 5.0–11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0–6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%) in Reasoner's 2A medium. MK-9 (H2) was the sole menaquinone. Two-dimensional TLC results revealed that the primary polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two glycolipids and phosphatidylinositol. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis showed that anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were the major cellular fatty acids in strain YJ56T. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain YJ56T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudarthrobacter , and thus the name Pseudarthrobacter psychrotolerans sp. nov is proposed. The type strain is YJ56T (=JCM 33881T=KACC 21510T).

A novel bacterial strain, designated AK13T (=KACC 21401T=DSM 109981T), was isolated from the rhizosphere of Miscanthus sacchariflorus. Strain AK13T was found to be an aerobic, Gram-stain–positive, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium. It formed yellow circular colonies with smooth convex surfaces. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain AK13T was estimated to be 40 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that this strain was most closely related to Bacillus lehensis MLB2T (99.4 %), Bacillus oshimensis K11T (98.8 %) and Bacillus patagoniensis PAT 05T (96.6 %). The average nucleotide identity values between strain AK13T and B. lehensis MLB2T, B. oshimensis K11T and B. patagoniensis PAT 05T were 90.93, 91.05 and 71.87 %, respectively, with the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values of 42.7, 42.6 and 18.8 %, respectively. Cells grew at 5–40 °C (optimum, 28–35 °C), pH 6.5–13 (optimum, pH 8–9) and in the presence of 0–13.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %). The cell wall of strain AK13T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Results of fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed that iso-C15 : 0 was the predominant cellular fatty acid. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography analysis indicated that the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and glycolipid. The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics suggested that strain AK13T represented a novel species of the genus Bacillus , and thus the name Bacillus miscanthi sp. nov. is proposed.

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The novel bacterial strain C33T was isolated from a freshwater sample collected from the Hapcheon–Changnyeong barrage. The Gram-negative, motile, yellow-pigmented strain C33T was characterized as a rod-shaped and strictly aerobic bacterium. A 16S-rRNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that this strain was most closely related to Sphingomonas changbaiensis V2M44T, Sphingomonas tabacisoli X1-8T, and Sphingomonas flavalba ZLT-5T with 97.1, 97.0, and 95.0 % 16S-rRNA sequence similarities, respectively. The genomic DNA GC content of strain C33T was estimated at 65.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity of strain C33T relative to S. changbaiensis V2M44T and S. flavalba ZLT-5T was found to be 77.0 and 75.6%, with average amino-acid identities of 69.9, and 66.7%, and the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values of 21.3 and 17.7 %, respectively. The cells grew at 19–37 °C and pH 6–9 with 0–0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum: 28 °C, pH 6.5, and 0 % NaCl). The major component identified in the polyamine pattern was sym-homospermidine, and the main ubiquinone was Q-10. The predominant polar lipids characterized were diphophatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, and sphingoglycolipid. Iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0 anteiso, and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) were found to be the primary cellular fatty acids in strain C33T. Based on these genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain C33T was classified as a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas ; and the name Sphingomonas changnyeongensis sp. nov. is proposed (=KACC 21511T=JCM 33880T).

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