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Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) integrates computer-generated virtual objects with physical environments for mobile devices. MAR systems enable users to interact with MAR devices, such as smartphones and head-worn wearables, and perform seamless transitions from the physical world to a mixed world with digital entities. These MAR systems support user experiences using MAR devices to provide universal access to digital content. Over the past 20 years, several MAR systems have been developed, however, the studies and design of MAR frameworks have not yet been systematically reviewed from the perspective of user-centric design. This article presents the first effort of surveying existing MAR frameworks (count: 37) and further discuss the latest studies on MAR through a top-down approach: (1) MAR applications; (2) MAR visualisation techniques adaptive to user mobility and contexts; (3) systematic evaluation of MAR frameworks, including supported platforms and corresponding features such as tracking, feature extraction, and sensing capabilities; and (4) underlying machine learning approaches supporting intelligent operations within MAR systems. Finally, we summarise the development of emerging research fields and the current state-of-the-art, and discuss the important open challenges and possible theoretical and technical directions. This survey aims to benefit both researchers and MAR system developers alike.

The seamless textual input in Augmented Reality (AR) is very challenging and essential for enabling user-friendly AR applications. Existing approaches such as speech input and vision-based gesture recognition suffer from environmental obstacles and the large default keyboard size, sacrificing the majority of the screen's real estate in AR. In this paper, we propose MyoKey, a system that enables users to effectively and unobtrusively input text in a constrained environment of AR by jointly leveraging surface Electromyography (sEMG) and Inertial Motion Unit (IMU) signals transmitted by wearable sensors on a user's forearm. MyoKey adopts a deep learningbased classifier to infer hand gestures using sEMG. In order to show the feasibility of our approach, we implement a mobile AR application using the Unity application building framework. We present novel interaction and system designs to incorporate information of hand gestures from sEMG and arm motions from IMU to provide seamless text entry solution. We demonstrate the applicability of MyoKey by conducting a series of experiments achieving the accuracy of 0.91 on identifying five gestures in real-time (Inference time: 97.43 ms).