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The article contains sections titled: 1. Total‐Reflection X‐ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF) 1.1. Principles 1.2. Instrumentation 1.3. Spectral Information 1.4. Quantification 1.5. Applications 1.5.1. Particulate and Film‐Type Surface Contamination 1.5.2. Semiconductors 1.5.2.1. Depth Profiling by TXRF and Multilayer Structures 1.5.2.2. Vapor Phase Decomposition (VPD) and Droplet Collection 2. Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD‐OES) 2.1. Principles 2.2. Instrumentation 2.3. Spectral Information 2.4. Quantification 2.5. Depth Profiling 2.6. Applications 3. Surface‐Sensitive IR and Raman Spectroscopy; Ellipsometry 3.1. Reflection ‐ Absorption IR Spectroscopy (RAIRS) 3.1.1. Principles 3.1.2. Instrumentation and Applications 3.2. Surface Raman Spectroscopy 3.2.1. Principles 3.2.2. Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) 3.2.2.1. Instrumentation 3.2.2.2. Spectral Information 3.2.2.3. Applications 3.2.3. Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy 3.3. UV ‐ VIS ‐ IR Ellipsometry (ELL) 3.3.1. Principles 3.3.2. Instrumentation 3.3.3. Applications 4. Other Photon‐Detecting Techniques 4.1. Appearance‐Potential Methods 4.1.1. Soft X‐Ray Appearance‐Potential Spectroscopy (SXAPS) 4.1.2. Disappearance‐Potential Spectroscopy (DAPS) 4.2. Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy (IPES) and Bremsstrahlung Isochromat Spectroscopy (BIS) 4.3. Ion‐Beam Spectrochemical Analysis (IBSCA)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Cationic Charge at the Coupling Component 2.1. Polyamines as Coupling Components 2.2. Heterocycles as Coupling Components 2.3. Coupling Components with Alkylammonium Groups 2.3.1. Coupling Components with Dialkylaminoalkyl Groups 2.3.2. Aromatically Linked Trialkylammonium Groups 2.3.3. Trialkylammoniumalkyl‐Substituted Anilines 2.3.4. Other Trialkylammoniumalkyl‐Substituted Coupling Components 2.4. Coupling Components with Dialkylhydrazinium Groups 2.5. Coupling Components with Cyclic Ammonium Groups 2.5.1. Heterocyclically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Groups 2.5.2. Aliphatically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Groups 2.6. Coupling Components with Condensed Cyclic Ammonium Residues 2.7. Cyclic Ammonium Residues at the Azo Group 2.8. Coupling Components with two Different Cationic Residues 3. Cationic Charge in the Diazo Component 3.1. Diazo Components with Aminoalkyl Moieties 3.2. Diazo Components with Trialkylammonium Residues 3.2.1. Aromatically Linked Trialkylammonium Residues 3.2.2. Aliphatically Linked Trialkylammonium Residues 3.3. Diazo Components with Cyclic Ammonium Residues 3.3.1. Aromatically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Residues 3.3.2. Aliphatically Linked Cyclic Ammonium Residues 3.4. Diazo Components with two Different Cationic Residues 3.5. Diazo Components with Aromatic Condensed Cyclic Ammonium Residues 3.6. Cyclic Ammonium Compounds Linked in Meta Position to the Azo Group 4. Different Cationic Charges in Both the Coupling and the Diazo Component 5. Introduction of Cationic Substituents into Preformed Azo Dyes 6. Cationic Dyes with Sulfur or Phosphorus as Charge‐Carrying Atoms 7. Dyes with Releasable Cationic Groups