We investigated the thermal conductivity of 200-nm-thick amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) films. Films with a chemical composition of In:Ga:Zn= 1:1:0.6 were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering using an IGZO ceramic target and an Ar–O2 sputtering gas. The carrier density of the films was systematically controlled from 1014 to >1019 cm-3 by varying the O2 flow ratio. Their Hall mobility was slightly higher than 10 cm2·V-1·s-1. Those films were sandwiched between 100-nm-thick Mo layers; their thermal diffusivity, measured by a pulsed light heating thermoreflectance technique, was ∼5.4×10-7 m2·s-1 and was almost independent of the carrier density. The average thermal conductivity was 1.4 W·m-1·K-1.

Abstract:The industrial Brinell hardness test has been in common use for over 100 years. The test is defined by standardized procedures stating that the Brinell hardness number is proportional to the test force divided by the surface area of the indentation. The test procedures require that the surface area be determined by measuring the indentation diameter after removing the test force. This measurement is usually made using an optical microscope, but without having a physical definition of the indentation edge. This paper proposes a physical definition of the indentation edge such that the Brinell indentation diameter can be unambiguously measured.

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We present a digital algorithm for measuring the phase difference between two sinusoidal signals that combines the modified fringe-counting method with two-sample zero crossing to enable sequential signal processing. This technique can be applied to a phase meter for measuring dynamic phase differences with high resolution, particularly for heterodyne interferometry. The floor noise obtained from a demonstration with an electrical apparatus is 5 × 10 −8 rad/√Hz at frequencies above approximately 0.1 Hz. In addition, by applying this method to a commercial heterodyne interferometer, the floor-noise level is confirmed to be 7 × 10 −14 m/√Hz from 4 kHz to 1 MHz. We also confirm the validity of the algorithm by comparing its results with those from a standard homodyne interferometer for measuring shock-motion peak acceleration greater than 5000 m/s 2 and a 10 mm stroke.