This study focused on the factor structure, invariance, reliability, and validity of two DASS versions: DASS-21 and DASS-9. Dimensionality was examined with Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis in 2271 Greek adults of the non-clinical population. Sample was split in three parts and the "3-faced construct validation method" was adopted. An EFA and a Bifactor EFA model were tested in the 20% subsample for both DASS-21 and DASS-9. Then, in the 40% subsample eleven CFA models were tested for DASS-21 and six for DASS-9 (using ICM-CFA, Bifactor CFA and ESEM). Optimal DASS-21 and DASS-9 models were successfully validated in the remaining 40% subsample (i.e. in a subsample of equal power). DASS-21 and DASS-9 showed strict measurement invariance across gender. Reliability (α and ω) and AVE convergent validity were adequate for both versions. Correlation analysis based on 10 different measures revealed a predominant uniform pattern of relations, similar for both versions. Considering all findings, the Greek versions of DASS-21 and DASS-9 are invariant, reliable and show construct and convergent validity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure and measurement invariance across gender and age of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) in 2272 Greek adults of the general population. The sample was split into three parts (20%, 40%, 40%). EFA was carried out in the first subsample (20%) evaluating 3 models. CFA was next carried out in the second subsample (40%) evaluating seven models. All models were examined further in a different CFA with a subsample of equal power (40%). The single factor of BRS was deemed unstable across the two CFA subsamples. A two-factor model was the optimal model emerged in the Greek context. Measurement invariance across gender and age was successfully established. Internal consistency reliability (α and ω) and AVE based convergent validity were adequate for the entire BRS. A consistent pattern of relationships emerged from correlation analysis with 12 different measures, suggesting convergent and discriminant validity. The distinctiveness of BRS from depression and stress was evidenced using CFA and EFA with different compound models of BRS and scales of depression, anxiety, and stress. These findings further confirmed that the Greek version of BRS has construct validity.

The present study focused on the dimensionality of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) by: 1) providing evidence that the Greek version of SPANE is a robust affect measure; 2) constructing a new, briefer SPANE version, the SPANE-8 with promising psychometric profile. The construct validation was implemented on 2272 Greek adults using the "3-faced construct validation method", a construct validation procedure based on sample-splitting. Sample was split in three parts. EFA and Bifactor EFA models were evaluated in the 20% subsample. Then, in the 40% subsample, a total of 10 CFA models were examined (ICM-CFA, Bifactor CFA, ESEM and Bifactor ESEM models). The optimal models of SPANE-12 and SPANE-8 were successfully cross-validated in another 40% subsample. Strict measurement invariance, using the optimal model as a baseline model was successful for both SPANE versions. Reliability (α and ω) and AVE convergent validity were also satisfactory. Correlation analysis based on 10 different measures showed a consistent scheme of relations for both versions. Finally, a Bifactor CFA subjective well-being model using SPANE to measure affect was adequately fitted. In sum, the Greek version of SPANE-12 and the new SPANE-8 are invariant, reliable and valid measures of affect. Normative data are made available.

The purpose of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of the Flow Short Scale by Rheinberg, Vollmeyer, and Engeser in 160 Greek adults. State flow (as opposed to dispositional flow) was measured while participants were involved in a leisure time activity. First, construct validity was evaluated with factor analysis techniques like ICM-CFA, ESEM, Bifactor CFA and Bifactor ESEM. A total of 15 alternative models were evaluated. Two solutions showed optimal fit. First, it was the two-factor structure replicating the original structure but with different item allocation on each factor, probably due to cultural differences. Second, it was a shorter version of FSS with 6 items in the two original factors instead of 10. A MIMIC model indicated a significant direct effect of age on FSS factors thus, population heterogeneity. A significant direct effect on an indicator was also found, hence measurement noninvariance. Reliability (α and ω) was acceptable, but not AVE. Flow had a significant positive, moderately strong relation with emotionality and life satisfaction. In sum, the suggested factor structures for FSS were found to be reliable and valid to use in Greek cultural context.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure, invariance, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the Flourishing Scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in 2272 Greek adults (aged M = 35.54 years). We used the 3-faced validation method. After splitting the sample in three parts (20%, 40% and 40%), we established a structure in the first 20% part with Exploratory Factor Analysis. Later on, the structure was reexamined in the second 40% part with Confirmatory Factor Analysis, confirming the unidimensional structure of FS. This unidimensional structure was further cross-validated in the third part of the sample having equal power to the second one (40%) with a second CFA. In the final phase of the 3-faced validation method, strict measurement invariance was evaluated. The Tripartite Model of Mental well-being and the Two-Continua Well-being Model were also evaluated using FS as a well-being measure supporting FS construct validity further. Reliability (α and ω) and AVE convergent validity were also examined. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined using 12 different measures. Normative data were also calculated. Considering all findings, FS is gender invariant, reliable, and valid measure for the Greek cultural context.