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A development of optimized design process for a high performance actuator is presented in this article. A PES (Position Error Signal) estimator employing both numerical model and experimental data is developed for effective and accurate optimization process. Statistically formulated optimization method presented here delivers not only wide bandwidth actuator design for PES reduction but higher shock proof HDA design. Besides the presented method incorporates volume production parameters so that designers are able to expect design tolerance and cost relations.

In this paper, the improved device performance of top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TEOLEDs) with a thin multi-metal layer stack of nickel/silver/nickel (Ni/Ag/Ni) and aluminum/silver/aluminum (Al/Ag/Al) that were used as the anode and cathode on a flexible substrate is discussed. In particular, Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) as an anode electrode has been used recently even though it has some problems for flexible devices. Therefore we suggested that a thin multi-metal layer electrode as a new anode is fabricated instead of ITO anode. It was verified that the ITO-free TEOLEDs showed an enhanced probability of the recombination of the electrons and holes through an improved electron/hole charge balance. We also analyzed the optical and electrical characteristics using the current density, luminance, luminance efficiency, external quantum efficiency (EQE), CIE x, y coordinates, and EL spectra of flexible TEOLED devices were characterized. ITO-free, flexible, green-emitting OLEDs with a low cost and a simple process were demonstrated.

AIM:To confirm the predictive factors for interferon (IFN)-α and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b. METHODS:HCV RNA from 50 patients infected with HCV genotype 1b was studied by cloning and sequencing of interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR), PKReIF2α phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD). Patients were treated with IFN-α and ribavirin for 6 mo and grouped by effectiveness of the therapy. A variety of factors were analyzed. RESULTS:Our data showed that age, HCV RNA titer, and ISDR type could be used as the predictive factors for combined IFN-α and ribavirin efficacy. Characteristically, mutations in PePHD appeared only when the combination therapy was effective. Other factors, such as sex and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, were not related to its efficacy. Adjusting for age and HCV RNA titer indicated that the ISDR type was the most potent predictive factor. CONCLUSION:HCV RNA ISDR type is an important factor for predicting efficacy of IFN-α and ribavirin combination therapy in Korean patients.

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