Introduction. The problem of labour force insufficiency and super mortality in the working-age population persists in Russia and requires the development of measures to preserve and promote the health of economically active population. The study aims to assess the health status of the working-age population and the informativeness of official statistics on morbidity, disability and mortality. Materials and methods. We have analyzed the currently available sources of official statistics on morbidity, disability and mortality of the working-age population in Russia. The authors have gave the characteristic of the health status of the working-age population for 2012-2018 on the basis of existing statistical sources. Results. The primary morbidity rate in 2018 was 6.013 per ten thousand people of working age. Over a seven-year period, the decline was 1.7%. The indicator of primary disability in 2018 was 43.2 per ten thousand for men and 26.4 per 10 thousand for women, having decreased by 26.0% and 24.1%, respectively, compared to 2012, which is largely due to changes in the regulatory framework and criteria for establishing disability. The level of disability among men throughout the study period was 1.6-1.7 times higher than that of women. This is due to a complex of factors, including a longer working age and working conditions, since men are more often engaged in work in contact with harmful production factors. Standardized mortality rates in working age for the period from 2012 to 2018 decreased by 21.2% for men and 14.6% for women. However, the mortality rate among men was more than 3 times higher than among women (68.2 per ten thousand and 20.3 per ten thousand in 2018, respectively). The authors have identified significant shortcomings of the available statistical data on the health of the working-age population. There are full statistical data only on mortality, and data on primary morbidity and primary disability we have by enlarged age groups without gender separation, which significantly reduces their analytical capabilities. Conclusion. Currently, there is an acute problem in Russia of reducing the working-age population, which is associated with a number of demographic and socio-economic reasons and unsatisfactory health characteristics of this age group, especially men. In order to form scientifically-based recommendations aimed at improving the health of the population, access to detailed data is needed to assess the health of the population in the "morbidity - disability - mortality" complex. Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics committee.

Introduction. The coal industry, being one of the leading sectors of the Russian economy, occupies a leading position in terms of the share of workers employed in harmful and dangerous working conditions (79.1% in 2021). Unfavorable working conditions and overwork make a significant contribution to the formation of mortality rates in the workplace of employees engaged in coal mining, both due to industrial injuries, and from common diseases. The study aims to research the causes and mortality rates in the workplace at coal mining enterprises in Russia. Materials and methods. According to Rosugleprof, the authors have carried out an analysis of the mortality of workers engaged in coal mining in the workplace due to occupational injuries and general diseases for the period 2020-2022 . The researchers calculated the rates of fatal injuries per million tons of coal mining and per one thousand employees, as well as mortality from general diseases per one thousand employees, also conducted an analysis within the industry and compared with the country as a whole. An in-depth analysis of fatal injuries in 2022 was carried out. Results. In 2020, the level of fatal injuries in coal mining amounted to 0.13 per thousand workers, including 0.28 per thousand employees in mines, which is three and six times higher, respectively, compared with the country as a whole (0.045 per one thousand employees). In 2021, injury rates increased, amounting to 0.51, 1.72 and 0.06 per one thousand employees, respectively. The reason for the sharp increase in injury rates in 2021 was an accident with a methane explosion in a mine, which claimed the lives of 51 people. In-depth analysis of injuries in 2022 He showed that the main causes of fatal accidents in the conduct of coal mining operations are violation of safety rules and personal carelessness. Almost 95% of cases of acute diseases are closely related to cardiovascular diseases. Five to six cases of general illnesses requiring urgent medical care accounted for one death at the workplace, while seven to eight cases of occupational injuries accounted for one death. Conclusion. Despite ongoing measures to improve working conditions, the coal industry continues to have an extremely high rate of workplace mortality, both due to injuries and due to death from natural causes. The most unfavorable situation is observed in the mines. This is due to the presence of a complex of harmful and dangerous production factors and a high risk of accidents. Of particular importance is the nervous and stressful nature of work and overwork of workers, which leads to a significant number of potentially preventable injuries due to personal negligence and cases of acute cardiovascular diseases. This indicates the need to develop and implement measures to reduce mortality, including through the use of forecasting and risk assessment, as well as strengthening therapeutic and preventive measures, including the optimization of work and rest regimes of employees. Ethics. The study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Introduction. From 1960 to 2018, 282 people were enrolled in cosmonaut groups in the USSR and Russia. Extreme special training and working conditions could lead to health disorders, which may be reflected in the causes and rates of mortality in the future. The goal of this work is to study the causes and rates of mortality in two cohorts of cosmonauts: those with and without spaceflight experience. The study aim is to research the causes and mortality rates of astronauts who have made and did not fly into space. Methods. A cohort study of mortality of 263 male cosmonauts was conducted, 118 cosmonauts with spaceflight experience formed cohort 1, 145 cosmonauts without it - cohort 2. The follow-up period was 59 yrs. (01.01.1960-31.12.2018) with 8351,4 person-years obtained. The reference group for both cohorts was the male population of Russia, cohort 2 was also the reference group for the cohort 1. Mortality risk was assessed using standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results. Death risk from all causes (A00-Y98) for each cohort was significantly lower than that for the male population (SMR=0,39, 95% CI 0,28-0,54 for cohort 1; SMR=0,53, 95% CI 0,41-0,69 for cohort 2). Moreover, the risk of death for cosmonauts with spaceflight experience is also lower than for cosmonauts without it (SMR=0,66, 95% CI 0,46-0,91). The most common causes of death in both cohorts were circulatory system diseases, and cosmonauts without spaceflight experience died at a younger age. Conclusion. Further research is required to understand the true influence of extreme working conditions on cosmonauts’ health, especially in the long-term period.