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Aspergillosis causes invasive pulmonary disease in patients with hematological malignancies. Children with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) usually have nonspecific radiographic findings unlike cavitary lesions commonly seen in adults. Pneumothorax due to rupture of peripheral fungal lesion may be a severe complication in patients with neutropenia. Here, we describe three children during induction chemotherapy for B-lymphoblastic leukemia with pneumothorax as a presenting feature of pulmonary aspergillosis.

Escherichia coli, a gram negative bacillus, are present as a normal flora in human intestine. It is present in hospital environment and a common cause of nosocomial infection. In recent years it has shown resistance to various groups of antibiotics. Specimens like Urine, Pus, ET secretion; Sputum, etc were processed in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for isolation and identification of E. coli. After identification E. coli was processed for Antibiotic Sensitivity testing using Kirby Bauer method. A total of 1237 samples had E. coli isolated. Out of 1237 E. coli isolated 540 (43.65%) were isolated from female patients while 697 (56.35%) were from male patients. Isolation was highest from Urine (50.69%) followed by Pus (36.14%) sample. Over all sensitivity of E. coli was as follow -Imipenam (64.63%), Amikacin (61.85%), Gentamicin (52.75%), Cotrimoxazole (37.90%), Cefepime (27.03%), Ciprofloxacin (26.62%), Cefotaxime (21.50%), Cefuroxime (12.20%), Cefoxitin (12.50%), Amoxicillin (10.54%), and Ceftazidime (4.57%). Every hospital needs to prepare antibiogram not only according to organisms but also according to clinical specimens so that empirical therapy can be started before culture and sensitivity investigation.

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Introduction: Escherichia coli (E.coli) is one of the most common uropathogen worldwide. In the past few years, uropathogenic E.coli has become increasingly resistant to many drugs. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from January 2014 to December 2016. Semiquantitative urine culture was done on blood agar and MacConkey agar using standard technique. Cultures showing a significant growth of 10 5 CFU/ml or more were further processed. Identification and analysis of antibiotic susceptibility patterns was done by VITEK ® 2 (bioMerieux, USA). Results: A total of 674 E. coli samples were included in the final analysis. The isolates showed highest overall sensitivity to imipenem (75.82%) and nitrofurantoin (72.25%) whereas highest resistance was observed in case of amoxicillin-clavulinic acid (84.12%) and cephalosporins (71.96-83.23%), followed by ciprofloxacin (72.70%), amikacin (64.39%) and TMP-SMX (64.24%). Over three years duration, a trend of increasing resistance was observed in the case of cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Percentage of MDR E.coli also increased over three years. Conclusion: There is an increase in antibiotic resistance amongst uropathogenic Escherichia coli over the past three years. Routine surveillance of resistance patterns should continue in the hospitals and antibiotic policy should be constantly updated. Judicious use of antibiotics is the need of the hour.