Lexical research based on the assumption that all the main human characteristics are encoded in the natural language constitutes one of the alternative ways of developing a taxonomy of individual differences in psychology. The majority of studies to date, including Polish ones, have been restricted to the analysis of the adjective lexicon, which means their results are at risk of reductionism. The aim of the presented research was to develop a classification of the complete Polish lexicon of person-descriptive terms (adjectives, participles, adverbs, nouns, and verbs). participants and procedure We analyzed 100,000 entries found in a universal dictionary of Polish and identified 27,813 terms used to describe human characteristics. The identified person-descriptive terms were classified by a team of 13 trained judges into 16 subcategories. The judges' taxonomic decisions were tested for validity and reliability. results Personality (dispositional) descriptors (5,598) constitute 20.1% of the Polish lexicon of person-descriptors; this includes 1,641 adjectives and participles, 612 adverbs, 1,442 attribute-nouns, 1,029 type-nouns, and 916 verbs. The analysis of the semantic redundancy of terms representing different parts of speech but having the same common morpheme among dispositional descriptors revealed 1,979 morphemes with distinct meanings. Only 64% of these morphemes are represented by adjectives. conclusions Adjectives constitute the largest group of personality (dispositional) descriptors but do not account for the entire Polish personality lexicon. The results of the study are a point of departure for research into the specificity of the structure of personality descriptions in the Polish language using various linguistic categories and for a comprehensive study on the entire Polish personality lexicon.

The aim of this study was to verify the structure and psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the HEXACO-PI-R observer report form based on a heterogeneous target sample (liked, neutral and disliked peers). The vast majority of research has focused on the validity and reliability of the self-report form. The psychometric properties of the observer report version have been verified in only two languages. Previous Polish lexical studies based on a heterogeneous target sample have shown that the structure differs from a typical six-factor structure from self-rating studies. Since this phenomenon was not observed in English, we decided to verify the psychometric properties of the observer report form in Polish. Additionally, the NEO-FFI and Polish Personality Markers for observer report were used. All HEXACO-PI-R scales achieved satisfactory internal consistency and showed high stability. The results indicated that the structure of the Polish adaptation of the HEXACO-PI-R observer report form could be considered as similar to the theoretical construct, except when the target of the description is neutral for the respondent. This suggests the necessity to verify the structure of the HEXACO-PI-R observer report form based on liked and disliked peers in other languages as well.

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