No abstract

Polymers and plastics are crucial materials in many sectors of our economy, due to their numerous advantages. They also have some disadvantages, among the most important are problems with the recycling and disposal of used plastics. The recovery of waste plastics is increasing every year, but over 27% of plastics are landfilled. The rest is recycled, where, unfortunately, incineration is still the most common management method. From an economic perspective, waste management methods that lead to added-value products are most preferred—as in the case of material and chemical recycling. Since chemical recycling can be used for difficult wastes (poorly selected, contaminated), it seems to be the most effective way of managing these materials. Moreover, as a result this of kind of recycling, it is possible to obtain commercially valuable products, such as fractions for fuel composition and monomers for the reproduction of polymers. This review focuses on various liquefaction technologies as a prospective recycling method for three types of plastic waste: PE, PP and PS.

The paper describes the basic problems regarding the possibility of using waste plastics and tire rubber waste as raw materials for the preparation of liquid energy carriers for transport (WtL processes) or directly to energy use in a WtE. Simultaneous measurements were performed at Thermal Analyzer STA 449 F3 Jupiter's (Netzsch). The study was conducted for waste samples of different density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate and rubber from waste tires. Gasification process of subjecting the sample was recorded TG and DSC curve, observing changes in mass, temperature and enthalpy. These studies were carried out in order to pre-determine the kinetics of thermal decomposition. The study, conducted in an atmosphere of argon/nitrogen (non-oxidizing atmosphere), both in terms of the changes of enthalpy and mass are summarized in the respective charts.

Thanks to that, "the bio-industry," which is the main component of the EU economy referred to as "bio-economy" ("bioeconomy"), will play an important role in stimulating sustainable growth and increasing Europe's competitiveness by reindustrialization and the revitalization of rural areas, providing tens of thousands of jobs in the field of research, development, and production over the next decade [3].The Bioeconomy Program for Europe is going to be an evolutionary program. Expected to develop so-called value chains, the implementation of which will ultimately lead to the creation of so-called biorefinery that a comprehensive and zero-waste will be recycled biomass. The most important technological challenges, political and market, therefore will be prior to commercialization of innovative solutions to full scale. These challenges cannot be overcome by an individual company or dispersed industry, so it is necessary to approach the whole system of management system biomass [4]. This is important because of the need to reverse the current trend of significant bioeconomic investments in non-European regions, where conditions seem to be more attractive. The longterm research and innovation jointly financed by public and private entities can help solve this problem. This process will be implemented through the creation and implementation of appropriate and developed value chains, which will lead to reducing the risk of investment in demonstration projects on the implementation of innovative processes.As part of the preparatory work for the start-up of the scope of the European bio-economy, there was a plan developed for Strategic Innovation and Research Agenda (SIRA). This document proposes a coherent set of actions that should be implemented through established "Biobased Industry Consortium" (BIC), namely:• Implementation of projects aimed toward the integration and implementation of technology and scientific results and the introduction of technology on a commercial scale by implementing demonstration and flagship projects• Implementation of development projects aimed at filling the gaps in research and technological innovation • Supporting projects taking challenges cross-sectors [5]Schematically, the areas covered by value chains are shown in Fig.1.As it can be seen from the schematic products, semi-finished and all residues of the process as a result of the implementation of the objectives set in the value chains should be directed to biorefinery systems, in order to complete the transformation into energy carriers and biochemicals for various purposes.

The aim of this paper is to show municipal and organic waste as an alternative source of energy and the benefits which can bring their energy use. These benefits concern both environmental reasons, as well as freedom from conventional energy sources and increasing energy security. The article discusses the biogas technology and plasma technology as the most promising waste to energy technologies.