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The objectives of this study were to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics of local salts from three districts, namely Galis, Pademawu, Tlanakan district, and PT. Garam. In Pamekasan regency. Two analyzed samples were seawater and salt. Hydrochemical parameters and chemical compositions of the main elements for seawater and its salt were investigated. The parameters for water samples were water temperature, Be, ammonia (mg/L), SO4 (mg/L). The parameter for the salt sample was NaCl purity. The sample of traditional pond brine was provided that the water temperature was in the range of 37-53°C, Be (19-27 °Be), ammonia (0.0953-0.4781 mg/L), and SO4 (22.071,0-52.360,0 mg/L). For PT Garam sample the value of temperature (41.0-43.0°C), Be (20-25 °Be), ammonia (0.1843-0.2143 mg/L), and SO4 (22.071-39.152 mg/L). The lowest NaCl score was traditional ponds (85,58), while the measuring of NaCl for PT Garam was 89.48 and 86.29%.

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This research paper deals with the use of a dam break system to generate a surge model to study tsunami runup, run-down and scouring around a vertical cylinder. The dam break system was provided with one or two gates to store water at a predefined depth; the water could then be quickly released by opening the gates to create a tsunami surge that runs up on land. In addition, numerical simulations of dam break surges resulting from various lengths of reservoirs were conducted to obtain more findings for further analysis regarding the characteristics of the dam break surges. A vertical cylinder model was installed on the beach at 6 meter downstream of the main gate to study the scour caused by the tsunami surge. The bed material was fine sand with a 0.19 mm diameter. The results were compared with existing experimental results. The comparison indicated that the dam break surge can be used to simulate tsunami surges by adjusting the reservoir length, the reservoir depth and the water depth downstream of the gate. The ratio of the difference between the upstream and downstream water depth on one side to the length of the reservoir on the other affect the run-up height and duration. Thus, this ratio should be considered when simulating tsunami based on dam break systems. Although different in magnitude, the shape of both the surge mareogram and the velocity time history of the tsunami surge generated using dam break system was comparable with the tsunami surge induced by a solitary wave generated using a long flume. For the relatively large cylinder located at the bore location, the separation flow was strongly directed to the wall which produced significantly unsymmetrical scour result.

The isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium data for citronellal + geraniol and citronellal + citronellol systems were obtained experimentally at vacuum pressures of 16.0 and 32.0 kPa using a modified glass Othmer still. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the equilibrium samples of liquid- and vapor-phase compositions. The reliability of the experimental data determined in this study was confirmed using the L–W Wisniak and Fredenslund methods. The data were correlated with the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC equations to obtain the binary parameters, resulting in an average absolute deviation of the temperature of less than 0.5 and a vapor fraction of less than 0.0286. Prediction of the vapor–liquid equilibrium data of related systems was obtained using UNIFAC, giving better results at 16.0 kPa.