Some other urban agglomeration lists mix metropolitan areas, municipalities (parts of metropolitan areas) and urban areas (built up urban areas or agglomerations). None of these lists include urban land area data. The United Nations list is unique in providing notes that clarify the nature of its each of its listings (core cities, metropolitan areas, urban areas and others). 2 Calculated using United Nations data.
El sistema rastreador de carbono desempeñará un papel importante para mejorar la comprensión sobre las fuentes y sumideros de CO 2 , el intercambio de gases entre la atmósfera y el océano, y las emisiones de gases provenientes de incendios forestales y combustibles fósiles en América Latina y el Caribe. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar las tendencias de los flujos de carbono en la biosfera y el océano, así como las emisiones procedentes de incendios forestales y el uso de combustibles fósiles en dicha región, mediante el sistema rastreador de carbono. De 2000 a 2009 el flujo promedio de carbono para la biosfera, el uso de combustibles fósiles, los incendios y el océano en América Latina y el Caribe fue de -0.03, 0.41, 0.296 y -0.061 Pg C/yr, respectivamente, y en México fue de -0.02, 0.117, 0.013 y -0.003 Pg C/yr, respectivamente. El promedio del flujo neto de carbono en América Latina y el Caribe, por un lado, y México, por el otro, fue de 0.645 y 0.126 Pg C/yr, respectivamente. En América Latina y el Caribe, los sumideros terrestres de carbono se encuentran principalmente en las regiones boscosas y agrícolas, así como en los pastizales, zonas de arbustos y en la cordillera de los Andes. Los flujos netos entre la superficie y la atmósfera que incluyen al combustible fósil son predominantes en los alrededores de las grandes ciudades de México, Brasil y Chile, al igual que en las zonas de deforestación en el río Amazonas. Se ha comprobado que los incendios forestales son una importante fuente de CO 2 en América Latina y el Caribe. Por otra parte, podemos confirmar que la política de fomento al uso de etanol en vehículos livianos en Brasil ha contribuido a disminuir las emisiones de carbono generadas a partir de combustible fósiles, y suponer el efecto del programa Proárbol en México como resultado de la absorción de carbono proveniente de la biosfera y de incendios forestales. Este estudio confirma que el sistema rastreador de carbono puede cumplir un papel importante en Latinoamérica y el Caribe como herramienta científica para comprender mejor los procesos de absorción y liberación de carbono derivados de los ecosistemas terrestres, del uso de combustibles fósiles y del océano, además de permitir una vigilancia a largo plazo de las concentraciones de CO 2 en la atmósfera.ABSTRACT The Carbon Tracker system will play a major role in understanding CO 2 sinks and sources, gas exchange between the atmosphere and oceans, and gas emissions from forest fires and fossil fuels in Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper discusses the trends in carbon fluxes in the biosphere and ocean, as well as emissions from forest fires and fossil fuel use in the above-mentioned region, using the Carbon Tracker (CT) system. From 2000 to 2009, the mean carbon fluxes for the biosphere, fossil fuel use, wildfires and the ocean in Latin America and the Caribbean were -0.03, 0.41, 0.296, -0.061 Pg C/yr, respectively, and -0.02, 0.117, 0.013, -0.003 Pg C/yr, respectively, in Mexico. The mean net carbon flux for Latin America a...
To develop effective emission abatement strategies for eighteen coal-fired power plants located throughout Korea, power plant emission data and TAPM(The Air Pollution Model) were used to quantify the impact of emission reductions on primary PM10 concentrations. TAPM was validated for two separate time periods: a high PM10 concentration period from April 7 to 12, 2016, and a low PM10 concentration period from June 1 to June 6 2016. The validated model was then used to analyze the impacts of five applicable power plant shut-down scenarios. The results showed that shut-down of four power plants located within the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) would result in up to 18.9% reduction in maximum PM10 concentrations, depending on synoptic conditions. A scenario for the shutdown of a single low stack height with highest-emission power plant located nearest to Seoul showed a small impact on averaged PM10 concentrations (~1%) and 4.4% (0.54 μg/m3) decrease in maximum concentration. The scenario for four shutdowns for power plants aged more than 30 years within SMA also showed a highest improvement of 6.4% (0.26 μg/m3 in April) in averaged PM10 concentrations, and of 18.9% (2.33 μg/m3 in June) in maximum concentration, showing almost linear relationship in and around SMA. Reducing gaseous air pollutant emissions was also found to be significant in controlling high PM10 concentrations, indicating the effectiveness of coreduction of power plant emissions together with diesel vehicle emissions in the SMA. In addition, this study is implying that secondary production process generating PM10 pollution may be a significant process throughout most regions in Korea, and therefore concurrent abatement of both gas and particle emissions will result in more pronounced improvements in air quality over the urban cities in South Korea.
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