The purpose of this paper is to produce a higher quality regional surface temperature series by removing urban biases in South Korean surface temperatures using statistical procedures. Monthly mean temperatures for 16 stations were obtained for a period of 32 years . Each station is defined as an urban station or a rural station. Urban (rural) stations are defined as those that have population densities greater (less) than 1000 persons per squared kilometer in 1995. Ten urban stations and six rural stations are identified. Again, urban stations are subdivided into two groups according to whether their population totals exceed one million to examine magnitude changes of urban biases with the size of urban areas. Estimates of urban bias magnitude are calculated by averaging the difference between each urban station and every rural station. Estimates of mean urban bias magnitude (Tu-r) are calculated by averaging the yearly urban bias estimates. Estimates of the urban trend ( Tu-r) are obtained by differencing period means (by doubling the differences obtained between yearly estimates averaged over two 16 year periods, 1968-83 and 1984-99). For annual or seasonal mean temperature T i , the adjusted temperature T i is determined. As all estimates of Tu-r are greater than zero, it suggests that temperatures in urban stations are warmer than those in rural stations. Estimates of the annual mean magnitude of urban bias range from 0.35°C for smaller urban stations to 0.50°C for large urban stations. Also, all estimates of Tu-r are positive, indicating an increasing trend in the urban bias time series. Seasonal variations are found in Tu-r and Tu-r. After adjusting the urban bias, an increasing trend in surface temperature series is still evident.

The effects of attenuation correction in rainfall estimation with X-band dual-polarization radar were investigated with a dense rain gauge network. The calibration bias in reflectivity (ZH) was corrected using a self-consistency principle. The attenuation correction ofZHand the differential reflectivity (ZDR) were performed by a path integration method. After attenuation correction,ZHandZDRwere significantly improved, and their scatter plots matched well with the theoretical relationship betweenZHandZDR. The comparisons between the radar rainfall estimation and the rain gauge rainfall were investigated using the bulk statistics with different temporal accumulations and spatial averages. The bias significantly improves from 70% to 0% withR(ZH). However, the improvement withR(ZH,ZDR)was relatively small, from 3% to 1%. This indicated that rainfall estimation using a polarimetric variable was more robust at attenuation than was a single polarimetric variable method. The bias did not show improvement in comparisons between the temporal accumulations or the spatial averages in either rainfall estimation method. However, the random error improved from 68% to 25% with different temporal accumulations or spatial averages. This result indicates that temporal accumulation or spatial average (aggregation) is important to reduce random error.

Three leading agencies under different ministries-Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) in the ministry of Environment, Han river control office in the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) and Weather Group of ROK Air Force in the Ministry of National Defense (MND)-have been operated radars in the purpose of observing weather, hydrology and military operational weather in Korea. Eight S-band dual-pol. radars have been newly installed or replaced by these ministries over different places by 2015. However each ministry has different aims of operating radars, observation strategies, data processing algorithms, etc. Due to the differences, there is a wide level of accuracy on observed radar data as well as the composite images made of the cross governmental radar measurement. Gaining fairly high level of accuracy on radar data obtained by different agencies has been shared as a great concern by the ministries. Thus, "an agreement of harmonizing weather and hydrological radar products" was made by the three ministries in 2010. Particularly, this is very important to produce better rainfall estimation using the cross governmental radar measurement. Weather Radar Center(WRC) in KMA has been developed an empirical method using measurements observed by Yongin testbed radar. This study is aiming to examine the efficiency of the empirical method to improve the accuracies of radar rainfalls estimated from cross governmental dual-pol. radar measurements. As a result, the radar rainfalls of three radars (Baengnyeongdo, Biseulsan, and, Sobaeksan Radar) were shown improvement in accuracy (1-NE) up to 70% using data from May to October in 2015. Also, the range of the accuracies in radar rainfall estimation, which were from 30% to 60% before adjusting polarimetric variables, were decreased from 65% to 70% after adjusting polarimetric variables.

In this study, sunshine environment in an urban area is analyzed using a numerical model which considers sunshine-duration blocking by topography and buildings. The numerical model used in this study has an improvement in the algorithm detecting sunshine duration in the model domain. The main improvement in the algorithm is to detect sunshine duration using all the surfaces of any grid cell(the previous model

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