Many studies investigated the thermal modeling of the Paris basin for petroleum interests during the 1970s. Most of the softwares developed by oil companies or research centers were based on the assumption of a constant thermal gradient. In order to take into consideration the variation of the thermal gradient during basin evolution, we developed the TherMO's Visual Basic 1D program. We applied our model to twenty boreholes located along a cross-section roughly running EW over 150 km in the center of the Paris basin. The numerical results were calibrated with organic matter maturity data. TherMO's simulates the amount of heat provided to the sedimentary organic matter. The heat parameter simulated shows lateral variation along the cross-section. It decreases from Rambouillet to Trou Aux Loups boreholes (87-66 mW/m 2 ) at about 100 km more to the east whereas the heat flux value simulated is 73 mW/m 2 in St. Loup borehole. The mean thermal gradient calculated for liassic horizons at 87 My for the Rambouillet well is 50.4 °C/km. This value is similar to previously published results. By integrating the calculation of the thermal gradients and conductivities related to the burial of each stratigraphic sequence, our approach points out variations in the thermal regimes the sedimentary organic matter (SOM) has been subjected to through geological time.

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Algerian coastal areas in the southern part of the western Mediterranean Sea are prone to geohazards such as tsunami waves, storm surges, earthquakes, submarine mass movements, and volcanism. Located in the Gulf of Oran, the Habibas Archipelago is a well-preserved bio-environment where fauna and flora are unique. This region is nevertheless a zone where marine traffic (oil) and oil ports pose a threat to environmental offshore pollution. This study is focused on submarine mass movements and their potential to cause local tsunami waves. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and the DEM-derived morphometric maps support these investigations being integrated into a GeoInformation System (GIS). Bathymetric data of the western Mediterranean Sea are used to derive causal factors that influence the susceptibility to submarine mass movements. Sentinel 2, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 1 radar images help to identify coastal areas prone to landslides and the coast-near structural pattern. By integrating data collected from the literature and maps (geology, tectonics, earthquakes, mass movements) into a GeoInformationSystem (GIS) and by using remote sensing analysis, it might be possible to derive more precisely in the case of submarine landslides and turbidity currents in the which direction potential tsunami waves caused by these mass movements might be focused and directed.

Background: An Uncontrolled Novel COVID-19 started from Wuhan city of China in Late 2019 and spread worldwide has called for unprecedented measures, to prevent it Pakistan government Imposed lockdown on the entire country. Lockdown has a huge impact and affected on mental health of population. The present study aims to assess the effect of COVID-19 on mental health of population and identify the coping strategies to overcome this mental health issues caused by pandemic. Methods: An online survey was administered from 26 May-14 June 2020 to 398 participants. Post Hoc test was performed to examine the associations between general health questionnaire GHQ-12 and socio-economic variables. Results: Losing jobs due to pandemic and lockdown situation and using negative coping strategies were the factors associated with psychological disorders.This study shows high rates of anxiety and stress in younger population specifically in young women with higher odds of endorsing a worst mental health outcome. Outcomes were associated with a number of COVID-19 related risk factors such as challenging family relations, loss of job, no physical activity, financial burden, experiencing stress full events and suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The present situation requires awareness in public media which could be helpful to deal with this and this present article provides details of COVID-19 pandemic situation on mental health of younger population.

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