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научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», Москва, РФ 2 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» МЗ РФ, Москва, РФ Цель исследования: сравнение двух подходов к проведению массового скрининга туберкулезной инфекции у детей и подростков в г. Москве. Материалы и методы. Оценены два периода. I период (2014 г.), когда проводился пилотный проект скрининга по двухэтапной схеме: 1-й этап -всем детям и подросткам выполнялась проба Манту с 2 ТЕ ППД-Л (обследовано 1 429 395 человек), 2-й этап -лицам с нарастанием реакции на пробу Манту проводилась кожная проба с АТР (аллергеном туберкулезным рекомбинантным -белок ESAT-6/CFP-10) (обследовано 219 888 человек). II период (2019 г.): детям от 0 до 7 лет (обследовано 711 869) -та же двухэтапная схема, а лицам 8-17 лет (обследовано 904 757) -только проба с АТР.Результаты. Показано, что проба с АТР при скрининге позволяет эффективно выявлять пациентов с высоким риском развития туберкулеза. При этом показатель выявляемости больных туберкулезом, лиц с посттуберкулезными изменениями и латентной инфекцией в десятки раз выше среди лиц с положительными реакциями на пробу с АТР по сравнению с пробой Манту. Проведение превентивной терапии лицам с положительной реакцией на АТР привело практически к отсутствию заболевания у них. За последние 7 лет снизилась численность лиц, впервые выявленных с туберкулезом, латентной туберкулезной инфекцией (ЛТИ) и c посттуберкулезными изменениями. Проведение превентивной терапии лицам с положительной реакцией на АТР способствует остановке развития туберкулезной инфекции и снижению пула ЛТИ среди детей и подростков.Проба с АТР, по сравнению с пробой Манту, позволяет более эффективно отбирать пациентов с высоким риском развития туберкулеза, что дает возможность проводить дообследование лишь этой целевой группы, экономя ресурсы.

The objective of the study: to establish specific parameters for formation of tuberculosis risk group in HIV positive children of 0-17 years old in order to plan tuberculosis prevention activities.Subjects and methods. The main statistical rates on tuberculosis, HIV infection and their combination in children of 0-17 years old for 2009-2018 were studied. All new cases of TB/HIV co-infection were analyzed in children of 0-17 years old in Moscow for 2004-2018.Results. While the incidence of tuberculosis and HIV infection among children has been decreasing in Moscow over a 10-year period (2009-2018), the group with advanced risk to develop tuberculosis due to HIV infection is growing, both due to children born by HIV positive women (by 1.8 times), and children with confirmed HIV infection (by 2.1 times), which is partly explained by intensive migration in the big city.In the structure of the followed up of children with HIV infection, it has been established that the number and proportion of the following categories tend to grow: children above 8 years old; those at the stage of secondary diseases and advanced stages of HIV infection; and migrants from other regions.In 2004-2018, the combination of tuberculosis and HIV infection was detected most often among children aged 8-11 years (14/34; 41.2%), who had not previously been tested for HIV infection, and among people who had lived outside of Moscow before the disease was detected (16/34; 47.1%). The most severe forms of HIV/TB co-infection including fatal ones, were also observed among children from the migrant population without regular medical follow-up.

The objective: to evaluate effectiveness of mass screening for tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents in Moscow using two different options according to age; to determine impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on effectiveness of screening campaign judging by incidence rates in children and adolescents.Subjects and Methods. In 2021, 758,634 children aged 0-7 years, or 99.2% of those to be screened, were screened using the Mantoux test. Should the reaction increase compared to the previous year, an additional test with the tuberculosis recombinant allergen (TRA) was performed. Children of 8-17 years old were screened only with TRA test. 1,070,961 people were examined, or 97.9% of those to be examined.Results. It has been demonstrated that the test with TRA can be used as a screening tool and effectively identify patients with a high risk of tuberculosis development. The preventive therapy received by those positively responding to TRA test resulted in almost no disease in them. The predominance of new cases with post-tuberculosis changes over new cases of active tuberculosis while the number of both is decreasing indicates the ability of the methods (TRA together with computed tomography) to detect minor forms of the active disease and post-tuberculous changes. In 2021 versus 2020, the number of children diagnosed with tuberculosis did not statistically significantly increase because of those who failed to be detected in 2020 due to incomplete coverage with screening related to spread of COVID-19. However, in 2021 the rates were lower than in 2019 which confirmed their positive change.Conclusion: Screening with TRA test is effective, easy to perform and can be used in primary health care.

The objective: to evaluate effectiveness of mass screening for tuberculosis infection in children aged 1 to 7 years in different periods – before and after the use of tuberculosis recombinant allergen skin test (TRA) in primary health care as an additional diagnostic method.Subjects and Methods. The study was designed as continuous observational prospective-retrospective study. Two different periods were assessed: the first one was 2014-2016 when screening for tuberculosis infection was performed in all children from 1 to 17 years (inclusive) using Mantoux test with 2 TU PPD-L in pediatric primary health care, and then children suspected to have a positive reaction were referred to TB dispensary where they were examined with a skin test with TRA if necessary. The second period was from 2018 to 2020 when children of 1-7 years old were given Mantoux test and if tuberculosis infection was suspected, a skin test with TRA was done both in primary health care network and TB units. In the first 3 years, 1,864,137 children were examined and in the second 3 years, 2,078,800 children from 1 to 7 years old were examined.Results. Among children of 1-7 years old who were screened by two stages (initial Mantoux test, and then in those who had a positive reaction, the TRA test was used), only 10-12% of those referred to a phthisiologist were subject to dispensary follow-up. Thus, with the implementation of the new edict on screening for tuberculosis infection in children with two tests, this proportion has not changed compared to previous years, when screening was carried out only with one Mantoux test. The reason why almost 90% of the children who were referred to TB Dispensary were not subject to dispensary follow-up is the following: children who have had previous conversion of tuberculin tests, along with everyone else are again screened with Mantoux test despite being previously followed up by TB dispensary due to the primary infection.Recommendations:Currently, there is no division of Group VI into Subgroups A, B, C in the dispensary follow up grouping. Why should conversion of Mantoux test reaction from negative into positive not be considered an infection, and the increase in the reaction must be at least 6 mm.Since Order No. 124n of the Russian Ministry of Health allows testing with TRA in the primary health care in case of suspected infection, it is advisable to refer those who have already had this test to a phthisiologist.A child with conversion of Mantoux test should not be re-screened with Mantoux test but the TRA test should be used. If a positive reaction to the TRA test occurs for the first time, it should be considered as conversion of this test, and in this case the child should be examined by computed tomography (CT), and preventive therapy should be prescribed. If in subsequent years the TRA reaction increases by at least 6 mm after previous preventive therapy, the child should be re-referred for CT to rule out the development of active tuberculosis.