Background Prisons offer a fertile setting for the transmission of tuberculosis due to the presence of many classic risk factors for both infection and disease: overcrowding, poor ventilation, and little sunlight. Prisoners are often malnourished and have poor hygiene and are more likely to have a background of alcohol and drug abuse. Objectives To determine the prevalence of prisoners with respiratory symptoms and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) through active case finding in a prisoner population of the county jail of Carapicuíba, and to study possible related variables. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, and respiratory symptomatic individuals (RSI) were detected through active case finding. Socio-demographic data were collected from inmates’ judicial history using a specific questionnaire. The RSI provided sputum specimens for detection of acid fast bacilli and culture for mycobacterium identification. Results Among the 397 prisoners studied, 154 reported respiratory symptoms for more than three weeks, and were considered RSI; the variables associated with RSI were: having already been tried and incarcerated for more than six months and seven were diagnosed as PTB (1,763 cases/100,000 inhabitants). Conclusions The prevalence of RSI and PTB cases were respectively 39 and 35 times greater than the general population.
Desde o início dos anos setenta do século passado vários autores apontam a tuberculose (TB) como risco à saúde dos trabalhadores de serviços de saúde. Estudos evidenciam que estes profissionais têm quatro vezes mais chance de adoecer por TB que a população em geral e que profissionais de saúde em atividade em hospitais têm taxa de teste tuberculínico positivo de 63,1% e conversão em 8,7% (10,7 por 1.000 pessoas/mês). São apontados como fatores de risco associados à conversão ao teste tuberculínico: (1) exposição nosocomial a paciente com TB pulmonar; (2) categoria profissional de enfermeiro; e (3) ausência de medidas de biossegurança implantadas no hospital. Vários autores apontam: (1) taxa de infecção muito elevada entre profissionais da saúde, o que se torna em objeto de preocupação tanto para a equipe de controle de infecção do ambiente de saúde quanto para os profissionais de segurança do trabalho; (2) uma taxa de positividade ao teste tuberculínico de 26,7% nos profissionais de saúde, tendo a maioria desses trabalhadores contato direto com paciente com tuberculose bacilífera; e (3) que os profissionais com menos de quatro anos de exposição ao bacilo apresentam taxas maiores de positividade ao teste. De acordo com os dados da Divisão de Tuberculose do Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, considerando os anos de 2006 a 2016, são notificados em média 210 casos novos da doença em trabalhadores de serviços de saúde. Diante deste cenário e da urgência de implantação de ações preventivas específicas para o conjunto dos trabalhadores potencialmente expostos ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Bacilo de Koch ou BK) constituiu-se um Grupo de Trabalho (GT) para construção de um Protocolo de Prevenção de Tuberculose Ocupacional (PPTO). O objetivo deste artigo é fundamentar a elaboração deste instrumento de prevenção de uma doença ocupacional grave e de promoção da saúde dos trabalhadores potencialmente expostos.
Objective. To generate actionable insights for improving TB control in urban areas by describing the tuberculosis (TB) control activities of hospitals in five cities in Latin America. Methods. A descriptive study of hospital-based TB control activities was conducted in 2013–2015 using a cross-sectional survey designed by the Pan American Health Organization and administered in Guatemala City, Guatemala; Guarulhos, Brazil; Bogotá, Colombia; Lima, Peru; and Asunción, Paraguay. Data were analyzed using Chi-squared, Fisher exact tests, and the Mantel–Haenszel test for Risk Ratios, as necessary (P < 0.05). Results. While variation among cities existed, most hospitals (91.3%) conducted acid-fast bacilli smears for TB diagnosis and had a quality control process (94.0%), followed national TB guidelines (95%), and reported TB cases to the respective health authorities (96%). Additionally, TB treatment was offered free of charge almost universally (97.1%). However, only 74.2% of hospitals were supervised by the national or local TB programs; 52.8% followed up on the outcome of referrals; and 39.1% offered full ambulatory TB treatment, with 68.7% using Directly-Observed Therapy. Conclusion. The study underscored strengths and weaknesses in specific areas for TB control activities in hospitals and highlighted the importance and complexity of coordinating efforts among private and public hospitals and the various stakeholders. Local TB programs and health authorities should use these results to enhance the quality of TB-related actions in hospitals in similar settings.
Objetivo No contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, é importante adotar novas formas de aproveitamento dos sistemas de informação existentes. Dados da vigilância de doenças de notificação compulsória podem ser úteis na gestão de programas de saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo rever indicadores e elaborar novas maneiras de avaliar e monitorar o desempenho de municípios no controle da tuberculose.Método -A partir de dados coletados na rotina de vigilância da tuberculose, foram construídos indicadores sintéticos de desempenho de um conjunto de municípios, referentes à busca de casos, diagnóstico e tratamento da doença. A confiabilidade dos indicadores foi testada pela estatística Alpha de Cronbach. Também foi feita a análise de agrupamento dos municípios à luz desses dois quesitos e elaborada uma carta de avaliação comparativa do desempenho. Resultados Para os indicadores parciais comparativos de qualidade do diagnóstico e do tratamento, foram obtidos Alphas em tomo de 70% e de 60%, respectivamente, sendo considerados aceitáveis. Para avaliação da busca de casos, o Alpha foi considerado insuficiente. Foi também construído o indicador sintético escalar ITB, com Alpha = . 6756 segundo local de atendimento e .6392 por município de residência. A carta de avaliação, mostrando o desempenho do município relativo aos demais, pode ser especiabnente útil para os gestores municipais, enquanto a análise de agrupamento facilita a gestão em âmbito estadual e federal.Conclusão É possível aproveitar dados do sistema de vigilância para construir indicadores escalares multidimensionais e instrumentos voltados para gestão do desempenho dos municípios no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose.
The intake was adjusted for within-person variability by the method proposed by Iowa State University, using the software PC-SIDE, and energy-adjusted for the residual method. The validity for 23 nutrients was assessed by Spearman correlation coefficient and weighted k. Intra-class correlation coefficient and weighted k was used to reproducibility assessment. Results In the validation, the Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.25 (riboflavin) to 0.57 (phosphorus) of which eight nutrients showed acceptable correlation (>0.4). In the reproducibility analysis, the intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.18 (vitamin C) to 0.57 (niacin), of which five nutrients showed acceptable correlation. The weighted k ranged from 0.18 (sodium) to 0.67 (riboflavin) to reproducibility and from 0.19 (polyunsatured fat) to 0.56 (calcium) to validation. Conclusion The results support the use of this instrument to assess food intake in epidemiological studies conducted in São Paulo, Brazil. Background Several low-and middle-income countries, lack wellfunctioning population-based cancer registry. We evaluated the completeness of a pathology based cancer registry in Iran. We further studies evolutionary progress of the cancer registries worldwide. Methods We evaluated consistency of the incidence rates reported by national pathology-based cancer registry in Iran from 2004 to 2007. We further compared the incidence rates of the pathology-and population-based registries in a few regions, where both data were available. In addition, we studied the increasing trend in the number of population-based cancer registries worldwide, using the reports published in the Volumes IeIX of the monograph "Cancer in Five Continents." Results The Iranian pathology-based cancer registry, reports only about 60e70% of cancers. The underestimates were greater in cancers with poor-prognosis including lung, stomach, and oesophageal cancers. Almost four regional cancer registries were established every 10 years since 1960. However, the USA was an exception, where the number of cancer registries increased from 14 in 1998 to 44 regional registries in 2002, due to the advance infrastructure in the health informatics and ambitious initiatives by the Centers for Disease Control in the USA. Conclusions Pathology based cancer registry cannot provide reliable estimate for the cancer incidence rates, particularly in cancers with a poor prognosis. Developing countries should establish and support regional registries and expand their coverage gradually. Given the recent advances in the health informatics, small efforts will enhance the coverage of cancer registries worldwide, particularly in the less than middle income countries. SP3-79
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.