In learning English as a foreign language, where learners are separated logistically and psychologically from the target culture, motivation plays a critical role and it is one of the main determining factor in a second/foreign language learning achievement. Motivation is defined as some kind of internal drive which pushes someone to do things in order to achieve something and to achieve success, someone needs to be motivated.Motivation is distinguished into different kinds, such as integrative and instrumental, intrinsic and extrinsic, global, situational and task. However, the most widely cited distinction of motivation is between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.In the field of language learning, motivation is sometimes distinguished from orientation. As an ideal for self-determined behavior, the intrinsic motivation is considered to be more powerful than extrinsic motivationin the success of learning a language, however, most of learning activities which the language learners do are initiated and driven by extrinsic motivation.There are three areas -goalsand goal setting, learning environment, and interesting classes -in which the language teachers could directly influence the language learners' motivation and their continuing participation in the classroom. Providing positive feedback and enhancing the autonomous learning are among important means to increase the learners' motivation. In addition, emphasizing two forms of positive extrinsic motivation -identificationand integration, while minimizing two forms of negative extrinsic motivation -external regulation and introjection could boost the intrinsic motivation of the learners.Keywords: foreign language, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, positive and negative extrinsic motivations, positive feedback, autonomous learning.

<p>The present writing is a study of code alternation in <em>TGB</em>’s Islamic speech. <em>TGB</em> which stands for “<em>Tuan Guru Bajang</em>” is a well-known name for Dr. M. Zainul Majdi, M.A, a famous Islamic preacher in Lombok and at present, he is the governor of West Nusa Tenggara province. The data of this study were obtained from one of <em>TGB</em>’s Islamic speech recordings. They were first classified into inter-sentential switching, tag-switching, and intra-sentential switching and then they were analyzed to know their functions which involve a topic switch, effective and repetitive functions. The findings show that intra-sentential switching which reflects repetitive function appeared most frequently in <em>TGB</em>’s Islamic speech. The code alternation in <em>TGB</em>’s Islamic speech represents bilingualism and has proved to be an effective strategy in communication.</p>

The present study aimed at analyzing the understanding of metaphor as an important aspect in dakwah (religious speech) and understanding the effect of using metaphor in delivering a dakwah. The subject of the research is a dakwah from Emha Ainun Najib's (Cak Nun). This is a library research because the most of data were taken from libraries. Besides, the researcher also collected the data from the internet to support the sources and to get more information. The technique of analyzing the dakwah is descriptive method. It shows that there are some ways in delivering a dakwah and one of them is called rhetoric. Rhetoric is a term traditionally given to a technique of using language as art, which is based on a wellstructured knowledge. There are two aspects which is necessary to know in rhetoric, namely knowledge of language and the use of good language, and both knowledge of a particular object to be conveyed in this case is through the Stylistics or Language Style approach. Therefore, rhetoric must be learned by those who want to use language in the best way as possible for a particular purpose. So, that is why the researcher focused more on discussing about rhetorical through characterization metaphor. Dakwah is easier for the audiences if we put something when we deliver it by using rhetorical as the technique and put some metaphors to make it easier for the readers to understand and makes it more acceptable.

This is a descriptive study aiming at investigating resilience among university teachers, especially in dealing with changes in education policies during the covid-19 pandemic. The participants of this research were lecturers at the English education study program at a state university in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The data were obtained through an online questionnaire which was distributed to all potential respondents. Among 39 teaching staff, 26 of them completed and returned the form. Based on the data analysis it was found that most of the teachers (86.6%) are classified as having high and very high resilience, only 13.4% having moderate resilience, and none as low nor very low resilience. Based on gender, the level of resilience for both male and female lecturers is within the same level of high resilience with the female having a slightly higher rate than the male by 59.5 and 63 (within the range of 17-85). There is an interesting finding on how resilience relates to the length of tenure. Based on this final category, it was found that length of tenure negatively correlates with the level of resilience with tenure group of 1-6 years, 7-21 years and 21 years and above having 63.7, 61.7, and 56 respectively, although on average all groups are still categorized as having high resilience. The majority of these university professors also perceive the changing education policy as something inevitable. With regards to how they expect to be assisted to better adapt to the changes and maintain their resilience, for any new policies there should be clear planning of the policy, proven working well (not a trial-and-error policy), early socialization, adequate training and coaching, and evaluation on the effectiveness of policies being implemented.

<p class="06IsiAbstrak">The purpose of this study is to determine the challenges of pesantren during global currents; to find out the aspects that strengthen the continuity of the pesantren; and to find strategies for dealing with global challenges. The approach used in this research is qualitative with library research. The data were collected through references related to central themes. To analyze the data, several techniques were conducted such as data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results showed that 1). The challenges of Islamic boarding schools during global currents can be in the form of thought, culture, science, and technology, as well as competition in various fields; 2). Aspects that strengthen the continuity of the pesantren to traditions and culture which are steadfastly and istiqamah fought for and preserved; 3). The pesantren's strategy in facing global challenges is to sort out every global progress by taking what is useful and removing what is harmful. Education in this Muslim-majority country has large and important role in the whole Indonesia human development. The existence of education is the pillar of science and knowledge building that is able to lead society towards development and progress. The development and progress are born and appear in the middle of people's life becomes a necessity. Occurrences that simply cannot be expected when people underestimate and ignore education. The presence of pesantren as a representation of Islamic educational institutions cannot be circumvented. Pesantren, in the Indonesian dictionary, is an indigenous Islamic institution. But over time, tough challenges began to appear.</p>