Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder in humans which results in the loss of motor neurons. It is caused by reduced levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein as a result of loss or mutation of the SMN1 gene. SMN is encoded by two genes, SMN1 and SMN2, which essentially differ by a single nucleotide in exon 7. As a result, the majority of the transcript from SMN2 lacks exon 7 (SMNDelta7). SMNDelta7 may be toxic and detrimental in SMA, which, if true, could lead to adverse effects with drugs that stimulate expression of SMN2. To determine the role of SMNDelta7 in SMA, we created transgenic mice expressing SMNDelta7 and crossed them onto a severe SMA background. We found that the SMNDelta7 is not detrimental in that it extends survival of SMA mice from 5.2 to 13.3 days. Unlike mice with selective deletion of SMN exon 7 in muscle, these mice with a small amount of full-length SMN (FL-SMN) did not show a dystrophic phenotype. This indicates that low levels of FL-SMN as found in SMA patients and absence of FL-SMN in muscle tissue have different effects and raises the question of the importance of high SMN levels in muscle in the presentation of SMA. SMN and SMNDelta7 can associate with each other and we suggest that this association stabilizes SMNDelta7 protein turnover and ameliorates the SMA phenotype by increasing the amount of oligomeric SMN. The increased survival of the SMNDelta7 SMA mice we report will facilitate testing of therapies and indicates the importance of considering co-complexes of SMN and SMNDelta7 when analyzing SMN function.
An Fe3O4/polyguanidine nanocomposite with strong antibacterial activity was prepared from Fe3O4 nanoparticles, using spent pickling liquors as the iron source, which were then encapsulated with polyguanidine.
This study applied a molecular-based method to detect parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) collected from 2016 to 2018 in nine provinces of Republic of Korea. We demonstrated that PIV5 was detectable in both serum and pooled organs at an average positive rate of 1.78% (99/5566). Among these, the complete genome sequence of 15,246 nucleotides was obtained for 12 field strains. Three out of the 12 strains had the lowest genetic identity (96.20–96.68%) among the 21 porcine PIV5 genomes collected in Germany, China, India, and Republic of Korea from 1998 to 2017. By analyzing a large collection of complete genome sequences of the structural protein-coding F and HN genes, this study proposed a classification of PIV5 into two lineages, 1 and 2, and identified that group 2.2.2 within sub-lineage 2.2 was substantially divergent. The evolution of two structural protein-coding genes was largely under purifying selection. A few codons (6/9 for the F gene, 7/8 for the HN gene) had elevated dN/dS values, which were loaded on internal branches and were predicted to be related to beneficial trait(s) of the virus.
This study explores how hybrid nanoparticles can be used to improve the antibacteial properties of both single nanoparticles and their polymeric nanocomposite coatings. Hybridization of two different nanoparicles, such as nano‐ZnO and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been carried out to combine advantages of the individual particles. For these purposes, firstly ZnO−Ag hybrid nanoparticles were chemically fabricated by reducing Ag+ precursor on the as‐received nano‐ZnO using sodium borohydride in aqueous medium. Thereafter, these ZnO−Ag nanohybrids were introduced into the acrylic polyurethane matrix (at 2 wt.%) under sonication in xylene/toluene solvents. To reveal the effect of hybridization on the antibacterial activity against E. coli of both ZnO−Ag nanohybrids and their nanocomposite coatings, two antibacterial tests have been carrieried out in presence of visible light irradiation or without light (in dark). The agar‐well diffusion method indicated that ZnO−Ag nanohybrids exhibited high antibacterial activity against E.coli at the low concentration (8 mg/mL). In addition, their larger inhibition zones under visible light exposure were observed, when compared to the dark condition. Similarity, antibacterial test (ISO 22196 : 2007 standard) indicated that nanocomposite coating under visible light exposure had a higher antibacterial activity than that in the dark condition. Data from this antibacterial test after 24 h indicated that the visible light exposure provided more bactericidal efficiency for APU/ZnO−Ag coating (4.17 log), as compared to the dark condition (4.07 log). This increase in the bactericidal efficiency can be attributed to the hybridization of nano‐ZnO and AgNPs in their hybrid nanostructure. From the experimental data, we propose the mechanism for antibacterial activity of ZnO−Ag hybrid nanoparticles. In addition, TEM photographs indicated that AgNPs (10–30 nm) were attached to the surface of nano‐ZnO (<100 nm). Data from the diffused reflectance spectra indicated that the deposition of AgNPs on nano‐ZnO reduced its band gap energy (Eg) from 3.2 eV to 2.75 eV. In case of nanocomposite coating, addition of 2 wt.% ZnO−Ag nanohybrids into the acrylic polyurethane matrix significantly increased their impact strength and abrasion resistance.
Spent pickling liquor is a considered hazardous waste because of its very high level of acidity and high metal concentration, and the conventional neutralization method regenerates an excessive quantity of sludge that poses a serious problem concerning to the landfill disposal and risk of ground water contamination. Therefore, recovery of spent pickling liquor is necessary. Several approaches have been investigated for spent pickling liquor recovery, but they are generally costly and lead to produce various iron salts or oxides which have a limited value. In the present study, we explore the potential of using spent pickling liquor as iron precursor for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Here, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared easily by oxidation-precipitation from spent hydrochloride acid pickling liquors in aqueous saturated solution of calcium hydroxide at room temperature, in the air, and under suitable speed of rotation. The FT-IR, XRD and TEM results shown that monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the size range of 10-25 nm were obtained, with a high level of crystallinity. The BET surface area was about 46 m2 g-1. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited the superparamagnetic behavior with relatively high saturation magnetization, Ms = 73 emu/g. The synthesis procedure of magnetic nanoparticles revealed here will provide a new possibility for spent pickling liquors recovery more effectively. For citation: Vu Minh X., Le Ha T. T., Pham Lan T., Pham Nam H., Le Huong T. M., Le Lu T. Nguyen Dung T. Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles from spent picking liquors in aqueous saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 9-10. P. 59-63
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