OBJECTIVE-Three independent studies have shown that variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene associates with BMI and obesity. In the present study, the effect of FTO variation on metabolic traits including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related quantitative phenotypes was examined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped in a total of 17,508 Danes from five different study groups.RESULTS-In studies of 3,856 type 2 diabetic case subjects and 4,861 normal glucose-tolerant control subjects, the minor A-allele of rs9939609 associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.13 [95% CI 1.06 -1.20], P ϭ 9 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 ). This association was abolished when adjusting for BMI (1.06 [0.97-1.16], P ϭ 0.2). Among 17,162 middle-aged Danes, the A-allele associated with overweight (1.19 [1.13-1.24], P ϭ 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ12 ) and obesity (1.27 [1.20 -1.34], P ϭ 2 ϫ 10 Ϫ16 ). Furthermore, obesity-related quantitative traits such as body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, and fasting serum leptin levels were significantly elevated in A-allele carriers. An interaction between the FTO rs9939609 genotype and physical activity (P ϭ 0.007) was found, where physically inactive homozygous risk A-allele carriers had a 1.95 Ϯ 0.3 kg/m 2 increase in BMI compared with homozygous T-allele carriers.CONCLUSIONS-We validate that variation in FTO is associated with type 2 diabetes when not adjusted for BMI and with an overall increase in body fat mass. Furthermore, low physical activity seems to accentuate the effect of FTO rs9939609 on body fat accumulation. Diabetes 57:95-101, 2008 W orldwide incidence of obesity has increased dramatically and is today one of the leading causes of lifestyle-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes and premature cardiovascular disease. Association between common forms of obesity and genes such as GAD2 (1), ENPP1 (2), and INSIG2 (3) have been reported but difficult to validate (4 -6). Recently, variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene was reported to associate with type 2 diabetes and increased fat mass. As a part of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium genome-wide association study, which included 1,924 U.K. type 2 diabetic patients and 2,938 U.K. normoglycemic control subjects, an FTO variant (rs9939609) was found to associate with type 2 diabetes; however, this association abolished following adjustment for BMI (7). Subsequently, an association with overweight and obesity was demonstrated in seven population-based study samples comprising a total of 19,424 white European adults and two birth cohorts including 10,172 white European children. Moreover, evidence was presented that the increase in BMI resulted from an overall increase in body fat, evaluated by waist circumference and fat mass estimates, including skinfold measures (7).In another independent study, the effect of 48 neutral single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on obesity was tested in 2,900 obese and 5,100 control subjects of European ancestry, and the FTO rs1121980 polymorphism, also ...

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OBJECTIVETo find a simple definition of partial remission in type 1 diabetes that reflects both residual β-cell function and efficacy of insulin treatment.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 275 patients aged <16 years were followed from onset of type 1 diabetes. After 1, 6, and 12 months, stimulated C-peptide during a challenge was used as a measure of residual β-cell function.RESULTSBy multiple regression analysis, a negative association between stimulated C-peptide and A1C (regression coefficient −0.21, P < 0.001) and insulin dose (−0.94, P < 0.001) was shown. These results suggested the definition of an insulin dose–adjusted A1C (IDAA1C) as A1C (percent) + [4 × insulin dose (units per kilogram per 24 h)]. A calculated IDAA1C ≤9 corresponding to a predicted stimulated C-peptide >300 pmol/l was used to define partial remission. The IDAA1C ≤9 had a significantly higher agreement (P < 0.001) with residual β-cell function than use of a definition of A1C ≤7.5%. Between 6 and 12 months after diagnosis, for IDAA1C ≤9 only 1 patient entered partial remission and 61 patients ended partial remission, for A1C ≤7.5% 15 patients entered partial remission and 53 ended, for a definition of insulin dose ≤0.5 units · kg−1 · 24 h−1 5 patients entered partial remission and 66 ended, and for stimulated C-peptide (>300 pmol/l) 9 patients entered partial remission and 49 ended. IDAA1C at 6 months has good predictive power for stimulated C-peptide concentrations after both 6 and 12 months.CONCLUSIONSA new definition of partial remission is proposed, including both glycemic control and insulin dose. It reflects residual β-cell function and has better stability compared with the conventional definitions.

Dapagliflozin as adjunct therapy to adjustable insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes was well tolerated and improved glycemic control with no increase in hypoglycemia versus placebo but with more DKA events.

OBJECTIVEThis study compared the efficacy and safety of dual add-on of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin versus saxagliptin and dapagliflozin added on alone in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled with metformin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis was a double-blind trial in adults with HbA 1c ‡8.0% and £12.0% (64-108 mmol/mol), randomized to saxagliptin (SAXA) (5 mg/day) plus dapagliflozin (DAPA) (10 mg/day; n = 179), or SAXA (5 mg/day) and placebo (n = 176), or DAPA (10 mg/day) and placebo (n = 179) on background metformin extended release (MET) ‡1,500 mg/day. Primary objective compared changes from baseline in HbA 1c with SAXA+DAPA+MET versus SAXA+MET and DAPA+MET. RESULTSPatients had a mean baseline HbA 1c of 8.9% (74 mmol/mol), diabetes duration of 7.6 years, and a BMI of 32 kg/m 2 . At week 24, the adjusted mean change from the baseline HbA 1c was -1.5% (-16.1 mmol/mol) with SAXA+DAPA+MET versus -0.9% (-9.6 mmol/mol) with SAXA+MET (difference 20.59% [-6.4 mmol/mol], P < 0.0001) and -1.2% (-13.1 mmol/mol) with DAPA+MET (difference 20.27% [3.0 mmol/mol], P < 0.02). The proportion of patients achieving HbA 1c <7% (53 mmol/mol) was 41% with SAXA+DAPA+MET versus 18% with SAXA+MET and 22% with DAPA+MET. Urinary and genital infections occurred in £1% of patients receiving SAXA+DAPA+MET. Hypoglycemia was infrequent, with no episodes of major hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONSIn this first report of adding a well-tolerated combination of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin to background metformin therapy in patients poorly controlled with metformin, greater improvements in glycemic control were obtained with triple therapy by the dual addition of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin than dual therapy with the addition of saxagliptin or dapagliflozin alone.