It has been suggested that giant ganglia are a marker for a developmental bowel disorder, intestinal neuronal dysplasia of the submucosal plexus (IND B), diagnosed in a proportion of patients with severe intractable constipation. Diagnosis of this condition, however, remains controversial with a wide variation in the frequency of diagnosis in different centres. Our aim was to assess the frequency with which giant ganglia could be found in the bowel of individuals who did not give a history of life-long constipation. We also aimed to assess the reproducibility of giant ganglia counts. For this two pathologists independently assessed pieces of normal bowel taken away from the site of the lesion in patients who had undergone surgery for colorectal carcinoma. Giant ganglia containing seven or more ganglion cells were found in 76 and 78% of subjects by each of the two pathologists. There was 1 giant ganglion per 10 ganglia counted in those patients in whom they were identified and 1 giant ganglion per 10.9 ganglia overall. Sections from eight patients in whom there was a history of constipation and/or melanosis coli did not show a greater number of giant ganglia. We conclude therefore that so-called "giant ganglia" are a common feature in the submucosa of normal bowel and that the presence of occasional giant ganglia cannot be considered diagnostic of IND B.

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The degree and rate of primary and secondary cycle development by Plasmodiophora brassicae in the root hairs and root medullary rays, respectively, of a completely resistant, a paritially resistant and a susceptible radish {Raphanus sativus) cultivar were compared. Seeds were germinated in an infested soil mixture and seedlings were harvested 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after sowing seed for observations of the primary cycle and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 days after sowing seed for observations of the secondary cycle. No differences in the degree or rate of primary phase colonization were detected among the three cultivars. Initially, uni-and/or bi-nucleate secondary plasmodial stages were found in the cortex of all three cultivars. The number of these plasmodia was greatest in resistant and least in susceptible cultivars. No further colonization or symptom expression occurred in the completely resistant cultivar. In the partially resistant cultivar the appearance of advanced stage-s of the fungus secondary cycle development were delayed until day 30 as compared with colonization of the susceptible cultivar in which advanced stages appeared by day 18. k is concluded that resistance is expressed during the initial stages of secondary cycle colonization. ZusammenfassungQuantitative Besdireibung der Kolonisierung von empfindlichen und resistenten Radiesdienpflanzen durch Plasmodiophora brassicae Der Grad und die Starke der primaren und sekundaren Entwicklungsstufe von Plasmodiophora brassicae in Wurzelhaaren und Wurzelmarkstrahlen wurde bei vollig resistenten, partiell resistenten und empfindlidien Radiesdiensorten {Rhaphanus sativus) verglichen. Die .S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0031-9481/83/0802-0097S02.50/0 r 98 KROLL, LACY and MOORE Samcn liofcn im infizierten Boden auf. Die erste Entwicklung.sstufe wurde 2, 4, 6 und 8 Tage und die zwcite 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 und 36 Tage nadi der Saat an den geernteten Samlingen beobaditet. Kcinc Unterschicdc des Grades oder der Stiirke der ersten Kolonisationsphase wurden bei den drei Sorten beobachtet. Anfanglich wurden uni-und/oder bi-nukleare sekundare Plasmodien-Stufen in der Innenrinde aller drci Sorten gefunden. Die Zahl dieser Plasmodien war bei den resistenten Sorten am groiken und bei den empiindlichen Sorten am niedrigstcn. Keine weitere Kolonisierung oder Symptomenauspragung fand bei der vollig resistenten Sorte sta^tt. Bei der partiell resistenten Sorte wurde die Erscheinung der fortgeschrlttenen sekundaren Entwicklungsstufe des Pilzes bis auf den 30. Tag verzogert im Vergleich zu der empfindlichen Sorte, die schon nm 18. Tag diese Stufe erreichte. Es wird gefolgert, dal^ die Resisrenz wahrend der anfanglichen Phaic der sekundaren Kolonisierungsstufe ausgepragt ist.

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This paper describes a simulation study of two cases of research and development planning. The first case is for a series of R&D projects analyzed sequentially by a single R&D team, while the second case is for a series of R&D projects analyzed sequentially and concurrently by two teams. Q-GERT, a network technique, was employed for the modeling and simulation effort. This technique includes numerous network modeling capabilities which make it more applicable to R&D project planning than traditional network techniques such as CPM and PERT. The simulation results for each case in terms of project duration statistics and outcome probabilities are presented in detail. The trade-offs between the two cases (i.e., single team versus multiple team analysis) are discussed.