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It is an evergreen, spiny shrub or small tree 5 to 6 m in height. The plant has single or multiple stems and irregular branches covered with smoothish brown to gray bark. The twigs are quadrangular (when young), green, and bare sharp axillary spines 3 to 17 mm long. The leaves are yellow-green to dark green, with 5-to 28-mm winged petioles and elliptic to oval leathery 4-to 13-cm long blades with edges that have minute rounded teeth. The crushed foliage has a strong,

Juglans regia linn belongs to family Juglandaceae. It is commonly known as Walnut tree. Juglans regia bark has been claimed to possess anti-inflammatory, blood purifying, anticancer, depurative, diuretic and laxative activities. The bark is finely powdered and used to prevent bleeding gums and as a mouth rinse. The present investigation deals with microscopic evaluation of bark and establishment of its quality parameters, including physicochemical, phytochemical evaluation, HPTLC analysis & Microbial load. Chief microscopic characters include cork, phloem fibres with stone cells & calcium oxalate crystals. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of reducing sugars; alkaloids; tannins & phenols; steroids & saponins. The bark powder was found to be free from pathogenic organisms. The study will provide referential information for the correct identification of the crude drugs.

Context: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), commonly known as jamun, is an Indian plant, traditionally well known for its medicinal properties including antidiabetic activity. Objective: To isolate the antidiabetic compounds from Syzygium cumini seeds and evaluate their activity using aldose reductase (AR) and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition assays. Materials and methods:The dried seeds were extracted with methanol and partitioned with ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The extracts were screened for antidiabetic activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL using in vitro AR and PTP 1B inhibition assays. Results and discussion: The highly enriched fractions obtained from broad ethyl acetate fraction yielded maslinic acid (1), 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (2), gallic acid (3), valoneic acid dilactone (4), rubuphenol (5), and ellagic acid (6). Structures were elucidated by 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. The initial ethyl acetate fraction showed AR inhibitory activity with the IC 50 value of 2.50 mg/mL and PTP1B enzyme inhibition with the IC 50 value of 26.36 mg/mL. Compounds 3, 4, 5, and 6 were found to inhibit AR with IC 50 values of 0.77, 0.075, 0.165, and 0.12 mg/mL while the compounds 4, 5, and 6 inhibited PTP1B with IC 50 values of 9.37, 28.14, and 25.96 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrate that the isolated constituents show promising in vitro antidiabetic activity and, therefore, can be candidates for in vivo biological screening using relevant models to ascertain their antidiabetic activity.

Objective:Emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.), an euphorbiaceous plant, is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical areas of India, China and Indonesia. The fruits possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. In the current article a new, simple, sensitive, selective, precise, and robust high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of gallic acid in dried fruit powder of Phyllanthus emblica.Materials and Methods:The quantitative determination of gallic acid was performed on TLC aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. The linear ascending development was carried out in a twin trough glass chamber saturated with a mobile phase consisting of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: methanol (3:3:0.8:0.2) at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). Camag TLC scanner III was used for spectrodensitometric scanning and analysis, in the absorbance mode, at 278 nm.Results:The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.99977 in the concentration range of 40 – 240 ng spot—1, with respect to the peak area. According to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), the method was validated for precision, accuracy, and recovery.Conclusion:Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method was reproducible and selective for the estimation of gallic acid.