Although much has been written about "socialization" and "emotion" in different cultures, these two topics have rarely been systematically combined and analyzed from the perspective of ontogenetic development.Drawing on approaches from developmental psychology and cultural anthropology, we examine how cultural models of emotion and their corresponding emotionally arousing child-rearing practices lead to culture-specific pathways of emotion development among the Bara (Madagascar) and the Tao (Taiwan). We focus especially on socializing emotions, which we define in terms of their function to orient individuals toward cultural norms and values and to inculcate social conformity. Based on empirical data gathered in long-term ethnographic field studies, we provide evidence that the Bara emphasize "fear" and the Tao "anxiety" as focal socializing emotions. [Socialization of Emotion, Fear, Anxiety, Madagascar, Taiwan] Cultures and societies vary greatly not only in how they shape but also in how they assign meaning and values to the basic emotional capacities rooted in our human biology. These become embedded in complex "feeling rules" that prescribe who may feel which emotions when, with which intensity, and in front of whom they should be expressed or suppressed. Most emotion research in the social sciences and cultural studies views the enormous interand intrasocietal polymorphism of emotional forms of behavior and expression as the outcome of complex bio-cultural and psycho-social interactions. A promising avenue into the bio-psycho-cultural modeling of emotions is research on the socialization of emotions. Investigating the explicit and implicit processes by which children acquire and reconstruct the emotional repertoire of their specific community provides insights into how biologically based human emotional capacities are realized by cultural practices and transformed into highly specific emotion systems. This notion of emotions as "bio-cultural processes" which, meanwhile, is widely shared within social and cultural anthropology (e.g., Hinton 1993Hinton , 1999Leavitt 1996; Svasek and Milton 2005;Röttger-Rössler and Markowitsch 2009), calls for interdisciplinary research in order to grasp the complexity of human emotionality. This renewed interest in bio-cultural interactions within social and cultural anthropology is fostered by recent advances in neuroscience that consider the brain to be a "biosocial organ" (Gibson 1996:36), evolved to be shaped by environmental influences, a process in which emotions play a central role (e.g.

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ZusammenfassungForschungen zur Sozialisation und Ontogenese von Emotionen sind in der Sozial-und Kulturanthropologie bisher weitestgehend vernachlässigt worden. Entwicklungspsychologen beschäftigen sich dagegen intensiv mit diesem Thema, wobei sich jedoch das Gros ihrer Studien auf euro-amerikanische Gesellschaften beschränkt und somit kaum Aussagen über interkulturelle Divergenzen zulässt. In diesem Artikel vergleichen wir die Sozialisation von Emotionen in zwei nicht-westlichen Gesellschaften: den Bara in Madagaskar und den Tao auf der taiwanesischen Insel Lanyu. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie folk models von Person, Emotion und Entwicklung mit den jeweiligen lokalen Erziehungspraktiken verknüpft sind. In beiden Gesellschaften werden von den Bezugspersonen Sanktionierungsstrategien angewendet, die mit einem hohen Maß an emotionaler Erregung einhergehen. Während bei den Bara "Furcht" induziert wird, kommt es bei den Tao zu einer Evokation von "Angst" und "Scham". Eine wichtige Frage ist, inwieweit diese "sozialisierenden Emotionen" an der Herausbildung eines kultur-spezifischen Emotionsrepertoires beteiligt sind. Schlüsselwörter Sozialisation von Emotionen Emotionale Entwicklung Folk models Kulturvergleich Taiwan Madagaskar Learning (by) feeling: socialization and development of emotions in cross-cultural studiesAbstract Research on socialization and ontogeny of emotions has been widely neglected in social and cultural anthropology. In contrast, developmental psychologists are occupied intensively with this subject but the majority of their studies focus on Euro-American societies and thus do not explain intercultural differences. In this article we compare the socialization of emotions in two non-western societies: the Bara in Madagascar and the Tao on the Taiwanese Island of Lanyu. It will be illustrated how folk models of person, emotion, and development interrelate with local child rearing practices. In both societies sanctioning strategies are used by caregivers who operate with high levels of emotional arousal. While "fear" is induced among the Bara, in the Tao's case the evoked emotions are "anxiety" and "shame". An important question, among others, is to what extent these "socializing emotions" play a role in the development of a culture-specific emotional repertoire.

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