The pressure to increasingly optimize the breeding of livestock monogastric animals resulted in antimicrobials often being misused in an attempt to improve growth performance and counteract diseases in these animals, leading to an increase in the problem of antibiotic resistance. To tackle this problem, the use of probiotics, also known as direct in-feed microbials (DFM), seems to be one of the most promising strategies. Among probiotics, the interest in Bacillus strains has been intensively increased in recent decades in pigs and poultry. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bacillus strains as probiotics and as a potential strategy for reducing the misuse of antibiotics in monogastric animals. Thus, the potential modes of action, and the effects on the performance and health of pigs (weaning pigs, lactation and gestation sows) and broilers are discussed. These searches yielded 131 articles (published before January 2021). The present review showed that Bacillus strains could favor growth in terms of the average daily gain (ADG) of post-weaning piglets and broilers, and reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs by 30% and mortality in broilers by 6–8%. The benefits of Bacillus strains on these parameters showed results comparable to the benefit obtained by the use of antibiotics. Furthermore, the use of Bacillus strains gives promising results in enhancing the local adaptative immune response and in reducing the oxidative stress of broilers. Fewer data were available regarding the effect on sows. Discordant effects have been reported regarding the effect on body weight (BW) and feed intake while a number of studies have supported the hypothesis that feeding probiotics to sows could benefit their reproductive performance, namely the BW and ADG of the litters. Taken all the above-mentioned facts together, this review confirmed the effectiveness of Bacillus strains as probiotics in young pigs and broilers, favoring their health and contributing to a reduction in the misuse of direct in-feed antibiotics. The continuous development and research regarding probiotics will support a decrease in the misuse of antibiotics in livestock production in order to endorse a more sustainable rearing system in the near future.

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The study was conducted to determine the effects of a Bacillus-based probiotic (mixture of spores of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (DSM 25840) and Bacillus subtilis (DSM 32324) supplementation on growth performance and health of growing-finishing (GF) pigs. A total of 576 GF pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 23.2 + 2.95 kg were allotted to one of two treatments (control diet and probiotic diet). Pigs were blocked by litter origin, BW and sex and allotted to 24 mixed-sex pens (6 entire males and 6 females per pen) per treatment. The GF pigs were fed pelleted diets containing 0 (control diet) or 400 mg/kg (6 x 10 8 CFU per kg feed; confirmed by analysis) of the Bacillus-based probiotic. The diets were supplied ad libitum as dry feed. Pigs were followed till day 102 after the start of the study. During the grower phase (1-35 days), probiotic supplementation tended to improve the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.09). During the finisher

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