Changes in temperature, precipitation, sea level, and coastal storms will likely increase the vulnerability of infrastructure across the United States. Using four models that analyze vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation, this paper estimates impacts to roads, bridges, coastal properties, and urban drainage infrastructure and investigates sensitivity to varying greenhouse gas emission scenarios, climate sensitivities, and global climate models. The results suggest that the impacts of climate change in this sector could be large, especially in the second half of the 21st century as sea-level rises, temperature increases, and precipitation patterns become more extreme and affect the sustainability of long-lived infrastructure. Further, when considering sea-level rise, scenarios which incorporate dynamic ice sheet melting yield impact model results in coastal areas that are roughly 70 to 80 % higher than results that do not incorporate dynamic ice sheet melting. The potential for substantial economic impacts across all infrastructure sectors modeled, however, can be reduced by Climatic Change (2015) 131:97-109 DOI 10.1007/s10584-013-1037 This article is part of a Special Issue on "A Multi-Model Framework to Achieve Consistent Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts in the United States" edited by Jeremy Martinich, John Reilly, Stephanie Waldhoff, Marcus Sarofim, and James McFarland. Climate Change Division, USEPA, Washington, DC, USA cost-effective adaptation measures. Mitigation policies also show potential to reduce impacts in the infrastructure sector -a more aggressive mitigation policy reduces impacts by 25 to 35 %, and a somewhat less aggressive policy reduces impacts by 19 to 30 %. The existing suite of models suitable for estimating these damages nonetheless covers only a small portion of expected infrastructure sector effects from climate change, so much work remains to better understand impacts on electric and telecommunications networks, rail, and air transportation systems. In addition, the effects of climate-induced extreme events are likely to be important, but are incompletely understood and remain an emerging area for research.

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Rainfall dependent inflow and infiltration (RDII) is a significant, though undesirable, component of the m•ban wet-weather water budget in many sanitary sewer systems. Costs and environmental damage attributable to RDII are significant. Costs may be accrued tlu•ough increased treatment and conveyance cost-:, increased maintenance costs, and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs ). To reduce these coste; and mitigate environmental damage, engineered solutions require estimations of the long-term characteristics of the RDII response to wet weather. This in turn requires estimation of the performance of the existing collection and treatment system, as well as the expected perfonnance of various possible solutions.Due to the complex number of available pathways that RDII may enter a sanitary sewer, RDII is one of the most difficult components ofthe urban wetweather water budget to estimate. RDII observations typically indicate response times that may range from several minutes to several days or weeks. This is confounded by regional and/or seasonal groundwater trends that influence RDII response. Various tools have been applied to estimating this special hydrologic response, including the rational method and several unithydrograph methods. This chapter provides an overview of available RDII estimation methods and highlights results from arelativelynewphysically based conceptual method first introduced by Kadota and Djebbar ( 1998). Kadota and Djebbar (1998) reported on modifications to the USEPA SWMM RUNOFF model that include the response of a conceptual non-linear reservoir to changes in groundwater elevations resulting from permeable-area infiltration.