This research analyzed the effect of international trade openness to income inequality in Indonesia using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The data used is the secondary data, which are the export-import value, gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, open unemployment rate, and Gini index. The results of this study indicate that in the short term the trade openness has negative impact significantly on the income inequality. However, in the long-run, it does not show any significant effect in decreasing the income inequality rate. The impulse response function (IRF) concluded that income inequality gives a positive response, except on the third year. Based on the forecast error variance decomposition (FEDV), the trade openness does not provide any significant contribution in effecting the income inequality in Indonesia, but economic growth does. Nevertheless, in long-term, the economic growth makes the income inequality getting worse than in the short-term. AbstrakPenelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan internasional terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan model Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu nilai ekspor impor, Pendapatan Domestik Bruto (PDB), pendapatan per kapita, tingkat pengangguran terbuka, dan indeks gini Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek keterbukaan perdagangan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Tetapi, dalam jangka panjang keterbukaan perdagangan internasional tidak berpengaruh signifikan dalam menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan. Analisis Impulse Response Function (IRF) memberikan simpulan bahwa ketimpangan pendapatan memberikan respons yang positif, kecuali pada tahun ketiga. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEDV), keterbukaan perdagangan tidak berkontribusi besar dalam memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Variabel yang yang kontribusi terbesar dalam memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan adalah pertumbuhan ekonomi, akan tetapi pertumbuhan ekonomi semakin memperburuk ketimpangan pendapatan dalam jangka panjang.Kata Kunci: keterbukaan perdagangan, ketimpangan pendapatan, vector error correction model

Indonesia Cooperative is believed as the most appropriate institution in increasing the welfare of its members and the society, and also participating to build the national economic in order to create the advanced society, fair, and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. In proving, the purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of Indonesia cooperative existence to the welfare of its members. The method of analysis is the data panel regression, where cross section data covers all provinces in Indonesia, and time series data during 2010-2015. The result shows that the main factors that have effect to the members’ welfare are number of members, number of managers, self-capital, and business volume. The variables that have no significant effect to the members’ welfare are numbers of cooperatives, the annual member meeting (AMM), number of employees, outside capital, and macro economy variable in regional level. Economic growth and outside capital variables have indirect effect to the members’ welfare through volume of cooperative business.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh desentralisasi dalam mendistribusikan pendapatan nasional untuk mengurangi ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu PDB sebagai representasi pendapatan nasional dan data indeks gini sebagai representasi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan dengan rentang waktu 1978-2015. Metode analisis menggunakan regresi linear dengan pendekatan OLS dimana Indeks gini digunakan sebagai variabel dependen, dan PDB sebagai variabel independen. Selain itu, terdapat variabel independen lainnya, yaitu variabel dummy desentralisasi yang berguna untuk mengetahui pengaruh desentralisasi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dari aspek ekonomi, desentralisasi belum mampu mendistribusikan pertumbuhan ekonomi untuk memperkecil ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat.Kata Kunci: Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Ketimpangan Pendapatan, DesentralisasiAbstractThis research aims to analyze the effect of decentralization on national income distribution and the reduce of income Inequality in Indonesia. This research used secondary data with gross domestic product (GDP) representing national income and gini index data representing income inequality from 1978 to 2015. An OLS Linear Regression approach was employed where the gini index was the dependent variable, and the independent variables were GDP and the Dummy for decentralization implementation. The result revealed that decentralization had not been able to distribute economic growth to minimize income Inequality.Keywords: Economic Growth, Income Inequality, Decentralization

REKONSTRUKSI EKONOMI PANCASILA SEBAGAI PERWUJUDAN KEBERLANJUTAN PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL Abstrak Salah satu solusi untuk menghadapi berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh bangsa Indonesia saat ini adalah dengan menghidupkan kembali semangat Pancasila. Pancasila adalah intisari dari keberadaan Indonesia sebagai suatu negara. Pancasila berfungsi sebagai dasar negara, ideologi, filsafat, dan juga sebagai perwujudan dari prinsip dasar untuk Indonesia yang mandiri. Oleh karena itu, revitalisasi/kebangkitan kembali Pancasila seharusnya menjadi fokus utama dari program pemerintah, agar nilai Pancasila dapat dijiwai oleh setiap bangsa Indonesia. Para pendiri Indonesia berkeyakinan bahwa Pancasila dapat membebaskan rakyat dari kemiskinan, kelaparan, kesenjangan sosial dan korupsi, selain itu juga dapat menjadi landasan agar mampu menjalin kerjasama dengan negara lain secara menyeluruh. Hal tersebut dapat terwujud dengan menyatukan tekad, tindakan, dan integrasi/penggabungan dari berbagai bidang serta keterampilan untuk mencapai cita-cita kesejahteraan bagi seluruh bangsa Indonesia. Kata kunci: ekonomi Pancasila, ekonomi alternatif, kesejahteraan sosial. Reconstructing Pancasila Economy as a Manifestation for Sustainable National Development Abstract A possible best solution to overcome the various problems being faced by our nation is to return to the spirit of Pancasila. Pancasila is the centerpiece of Indonesia‘s existence as a nation. It serves as our country‘s foundation, ideology, philosophy, as well as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesia. Therefore, revitalizing Pancasila should be our country‘s main program, imbued by each and every one of its citizens. Our Founding Fathers once dreamed and believed that Pancasila would free us from poverty, hunger, economic disparity, and corruption, while also giving us the ability to stand up to cooperate with all countries equally. It needs our combined willpower, actions, and integration of various fields and expertises to achieve expected welfare for all Indonesian. Keywords: Pancasila Economy, alternative economy, social welfare

upstream sector (SIM1), (2) export tax and productivity increment policies on agro industry's upstream sector (SIM2), and (3) export tax and productivity increment policies on agro industry's upstream and downstream sectors (SIM3). The three simulations will be adjusted to the government's policies