Cocoa bean roasting allows for reactions to occur between the characteristic aroma and taste precursors that are involved in the sensory perception of chocolate and cocoa by-products. This work evaluates the moisture kinetics of cocoa beans during the roasting process by applying empirical and semi-empirical exponential models. Four roasting temperatures (100, 140, 180, and 220 °C) were used in a cylindrically designed toaster. Three reaction kinetics were tested (pseudo zero order, pseudo first order, and second order), along with 10 exponential models (Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Two-Term, Midilli, Verma, Diffusion Approximation, Silva, and Peleg). The Fick equation was applied to estimate the diffusion coefficients. The dependence on the activation energy for the moisture diffusion process was described by the Arrhenius equation. The kinetic parameters and exponential models were estimated by non-linear regression. The models with better reproducibility were the pseudo first order, the Page, and the Verma models (R2 ≥ 0.98). The diffusion coefficients that were calculated were in the order of 1.26 to 5.70 × 109 m s−2 and the energy activation for moisture diffusion obtained was 19.52 kJ mol−1.
Este trabajo muestra la potencialidad de espectroscopía de infrarrojo por transformada de Fourier para evaluar los cambios vibracionales de grupos funcionales durante el tostado de cacao. Treinta asignaciones fueron identificadas en las regiones de vibración, doble enlace y huella dactilar. La segunda derivada del espectro identificó más de 50 picos. Durante el tiempo de tostado, los cambios fueron en intensidad, pero no en las señales. La influencia del contenido de grasa se mostró al desgrasar las muestras. Los cambios principales durante el tostado se presentaron en la región de huella dactilar, identificados por la presencia de señales asignadas a los aminoácidos libres, catequinas, azúcares reductores y metilxantinas identificados de forma principal en el espectro obtenido a partir de la segunda derivada. La espectroscopía de infrarrojo permitió encontrar los cambios estructurales que presentan las muestras de granos de cacao a diferentes tiempos de tostado.
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