A series of 79 normal human hearts was studied focusing on the morphological characteristics of the papillary muscles of the right ventricle and their tendinous cords (chordae tendineae). The number, incidence, length and shape of the anterior, septal and posterior papillary muscles were observed. The tendinous cords attached to each papillary muscle were counted at their origin. The papillary muscles and the tendinous cords were measured in situ and after the removal of the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve). The anterior and posterior papillary muscles (apm, ppm) were present in 100% of the cases. The septal papillary muscle (spm) was absent in 21.5% of the hearts. The apm presented 1 head in 81% and 2 heads in 19%; it was 19.16 mm in length. The spm was one-headed in 41.7% and presented two heads in 16.5%; the presence of a 3 and 4 heads appeared in 12.7% and 7.6% respectively; the spm was 5.59 mm in length. The ppm had 1 head in 25.4%, 2 heads in 46.8%, 3 heads in 21.5% and 4 heads in 6.3% of the cases; it was 11.53 mm in length. Tendinous cords (TC) varied as follows: from 1 to 11 TC originated in the apm (mean 4.74); from 1 to 8 TC originated in the ppm (mean 2.67) and from 1 to 5 TC originated in the spm (mean 1.77).

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The purpose of rendering easier for priests to hear confessions from Brazilian indians, in the beginning of the colonization of Brazil by the Portuguese, and in order to serve indians for better communication led Pero de Castilho, a jesuit born in Vila do Esp¿rito Santo, to prepare a list of names of parts of the human body. Such a list of tupi (language of the native indians) and portuguese terms of anatomical structures, in alphabetical order, seems to be the first Nomina Anatomica published in Brazil. Such a bilingual vocabulary constitutes a subsidy for the study of both languages spoken soon after the discovery of Brazil and represents a religious related document that contributes to the history of anatomy and medicine.

A surgical experimental investigation is being carried out in an attempt to provide a viable alternative to the current approaches to cardiac resection of the left ventricular myocardium in cases of cardiomyopathies with dilated ventricle. The experiments are based upon the presence of anatomicosurgical segments in the dog's heart similar to those existing in the atria and ventricles of humans. So far three mongrel dogs (weight 15 kg) were submitted to cardiac catheterism to evaluate the anatomy of the coronary arteries and their branches, the function and cavity of the left ventricle (LV). A lateral thoracotomy on the left side was performed to expose the heart. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) of each animal was established through the right atrium and the femoral artery (4 mg/kg Heparin, at 32°C, intermittent aorta cross-clamping). The left marginal artery and veins were ligated, causing an area of acute myocardial infarction, showing well-defined sharp limits. Such an area was then resected and the left ventricle was reconstructed. The animals were weaned from CPB, one dog having remained in a stable condition during a 7-day period of observation. The second was sacrificed after 4-day period of observation and the third dog died four hours after CPB owing to an excessive reduction of the LV chamber related to an anatomical variation. Pre and post operation transthoracic echocardiograms were obtained after undergoing cardiac catheterism. The echocardiogram revealed discrete mitral insufficiency, reduction of the diameter of the left ventricle with approximation of the papillary muscles, a dysfunction and an impressive reduction of the cavity of the left ventricle. Peri-sutural areas of infarction were not observed. The orientation given by the anatomicosurgical segmentation of the coronary circulation is an important alternative to the present surgical treatment of cardiomyopathies with dilated ventricle.
Uma investigação experimental cirúrgica está sendo realizada, numa tentativa de fornecer uma alternativa viável às atuais abordagens para ressecção cardíaca do ventrículo esquerdo em casos de cardiomiopatias com dilatação ventricular. Os experimentos são baseados na presença de segmentos anatomocirúrgicos em corações de cães, similares aos existentes nos átrios e ventrículos humanos. Três cães (peso 15kg) foram submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco, para avaliar a anatomia das artérias coronárias e de seus ramos, a função e cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). Toracotomia lateral esquerda foi realizada para expôr o coração. Circulação extracorpórea (CEC) de cada animal foi estabelecida através do átrio direito e da artéria femoral (4 mg/kg Heparina, 32°C, clampeamento intermitente da aorta). Artéria e veias marginais esquerdas foram ligadas, causando uma área de infarto agudo do miocárdio, exibindo limites de corte bem definidos. Desta forma, uma área foi ressecada e o ventrículo esquerdo foi reconstruído. Os animais foram desconectados da CEC. Um cão permaneceu em condição estável durante um período de 7 dias de...