In this article an experimental method of characterization and modeling of ferroelectric materials is presented. The reversible and irreversible contributions of polarization are separated. The measurements of these effects are performed simultaneously giving a perfect separation. Investigations on switching behavior under different electric field strengths permit final representation of totally irreversible effects by a two-dimensional (2D) function. This function, a Preisach-type density, allows us to extract traditional information such as remanent polarization, coercive field and so on. Then, this curve is fitted to a 2D Gaussian distribution in order to provide easy implementation in simulators. Finally, a physical model is considered to interpret this experimental function in terms of switching mechanism, leading to a powerful tool for future investigation, e.g., the origin of aging.

A method is described to experimentally determine the temporal evolution of state variables involved in the electroporation of biological tissue, i.e., the transmembrane voltage and the macroscopic current flowing in the electropores. Indeed, the electrical parameters of the extracellular, intracellular, and unaltered membrane contributions as well as the electropores electrical characteristics can be deduced from the measurement of the tissue bioimpedance and from the variations of both the macroscopic voltage applied to the tissue and the delivered current.