Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to a deficiency in endogenous insulin production, resulting from pancreatic beta cell death. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to enhanced oxidative stress and liver injury. Several studies have evaluated the anti-diabetic and protective effects of probiotic strains in animal models. In the present study, we investigated, through histopathological and biochemical analyses, the effects of eight weeks of administration of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) yeast on the liver of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrated that S. boulardii attenuates hepatocytes hydropic degeneration and hepatic vessels congestion in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The treatment attenuated the oxidative stress in diabetic mice leading to a reduction of carbonylated protein concentration and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, compared to untreated diabetic animals. The results also show the beneficial influence of S. boulardii in regulating the hepatic concentration of renin angiotensin system (RAS) peptides. Therefore, our results demonstrated that S. boulardii administration to STZ-induced diabetic mice reduces oxidative stress and normalizes the concentration of RAS peptides, supporting the hypothesis that this yeast may have a role as a potential adjunctive therapy to attenuate diabetes-induced liver injury.

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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to show information about the effects of probiotics on inflammatory and Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) balance, and their potential therapeutic role in the management of COVID-19. Methodology: This is a narrative literature review and the databases used were Google Scholar and Medline/Pubmed. Results: Some components of the intestinal microbiota, including Coprobacillus, Clostridium ramosum, Morganella morganii, and Streptococcus infantile were identified as positively correlated with the severity of the disease, while Faecalibacterium prausnitzii showed a negative correlation with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Probiotics emerge as a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of inflammatory conditions due to their effects on the maintenance of gastrointestinal integrity and repair properties. More specifically, probiotics from Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus genus show benefits in the management of respiratory diseases and might enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the complementary therapeutic potential of probiotics in the treatment of respiratory infections, such as COVID-19. Beyond that, considering the diversity of probiotic strains, the evaluations already carried out and the data available in the literature, the present study points to the need for complementary studies to understand the mechanisms related to the effects of probiotics on COVID-19.

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