Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected parasitic condition endemic in the Americas caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Patients present an acute phase that may or not be symptomatic, followed by lifelong chronic stage, mostly indeterminate, or with cardiac and/or digestive progressive lesions. Benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox are the only drugs approved for treatment but not effective in the late chronic phase and many strains of the parasite are naturally resistant. New alternative therapy is required to address this serious public health issue. Repositioning and combination represent faster, and cheaper trial strategies encouraged for neglected diseases. The effect of imatinib (IMB), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor designed for use in neoplasias, was assessed in vitro on T. cruzi and mammalian host cells. In comparison with BZ, IMB was moderately active against different strains and forms of the parasite. The combination IMB + BZ in fixed-ratio proportions was additive. Novel 14 derivatives of IMB were screened and a 3,2-difluoro-2-phenylacetamide (3e) was as potent as BZ on T. cruzi but had low selectivity index. The results demonstrate the importance of phenotypic assays, encourage the improvement of IMB derivatives to reach selectivity and testify to the use of repurposing and combination in drug screening for CD.
. The chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), originated from the translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This chromosome generates an abnormal protein tyrosine kinase which is responsible for tumor cell proliferation. The emergence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has transformed the treatment of CML and imatinib being the first representative of this class. Although treatment with imatinib has reached surprising results, approximately 30% of patients exhibited resistance, especially in later stages of the disease. This fact stimulated the development of novel BCR-ABL enzyme inhibitors drugs classified as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of second and third generations. The TKIs have different chemical functions in their structure, and the knowledge of synthetic methods for preparation of these compounds can be a powerful tool for the development of new derivatives. The five approved BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (TKI) used in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) are reviewed aiming the main synthetic routes, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages associated with them.Keywords: chronic myeloid leukemia; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; imatinib mesylate. INTRODUÇÃOCâncer ou neoplasia maligna é um termo genérico para denominar um grande grupo de doenças que tem em comum o crescimento desordenado das células. Sua principal característica é a multiplicação rápida de células anormais, que invadem os tecidos e órgãos, podendo espalhar-se para outras regiões do corpo, sendo esse processo conhecido como metástase. 1 As neoplasias estão incluídas em um grupo chamado de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) que são doenças multifatoriais que ocorrem ao longo da vida e apresentam longa duração. Os principais fatores de risco associados às DCNTs são tabagismo, consumo nocivo de álcool, inatividade física e alimentação não saudável. Com relação aos determinantes sociais para a ocorrência destas doenças podem ser citados: o sexo, a genética e a idade. 2 Os tipos de câncer com maior ocorrência de óbitos na população mundial estão descritos na Tabela 1.O câncer é uma das principais causas de morte do mundo, e aproximadamente 30% das mortes são devido a quatro principais fatores de risco: alto índice de massa corporal, redução da ingestão de frutas e legumes, falta de atividade física, elevado consumo de tabaco e de álcool. 3 No Brasil, as previsões para 2016 apontam para uma ocorrência de aproximadamente 600 mil novos casos. 4Leucemia O termo leucemia origina-se do grego e significa sangue branco. 5 É uma neoplasia que tem como característica o acúmulo de células jovens anormais na medula óssea que substituem as células sanguí-neas normais. 6 No Brasil, para 2016, estima-se um número de óbitos de 10.070, sendo 5.540 homens e 4.530 mulheres. 3 A leucemia é classificada de acordo com o tipo de célula acometida e com a velocidade de progressão da doença. 7 Se as células afetadas forem linfoides, linfócitos ou tecido linfoide em formação é denominada le...
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