In recent decades, we have observed an intensification of science, technology and innovation activities in Brazil. The increase in production of scientific papers indexed in international databases, however, has not been accompanied by an equivalent increase in the impact of publications. This paper presents a methodology for analyzing production and the impact of certain research areas in Brazil related to two aspects: the origin of the journals (national or foreign) and international collaboration. These two variables were selected for being of particular importance in understanding the context of scientific production and communication in countries with emerging economies. The sample consisted of papers written by Brazilian researchers in 19 subfields of knowledge published from 2002 to 2011, totaling 85,082 papers. To calculate the impact, we adopted a normalized indicator called the relative subfield citedness (Rw) using a window of 5 years to obtain measurements evaluated in 2 different years: 2007 and 2012. The data on papers and citations were collected from the Web of Science database. From the results, we note that most of the subfields have presented, from one quinquennium to another, improved performance in the world production rankings. Regarding publication in national and foreign journals, we observed a trend in the distribution maintenance of production of the subfields based on the origin of the journal. Specifically, for impact, we identified a lower Rw pattern for Brazilian papers when they were published in national journals in all subfields. When Brazilian products are published in foreign journals, we observed a higher impact for those papers, even surpassing the average global impact in some subfields. For international collaboration, we analyzed the percentage of participation of foreign researchers and the connection between collaboration and the impact of papers, especially emphasizing the distinction of hyperauthorship papers in terms of production and impact.

O aumento da colaboração científica, caracterizada pela coautoria, é uma das principais tendências verificadas nos últimos anos na produção em ciências. A fim de relacionar a coautoria e a produção dos docentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação e Ciências: Química da Vida e Saúde da UFRGS, foram identificados os artigos científicos, registrados no Currículo Lattes - do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) - desses pesquisadores publicados em periódicos classificados no sistema WebQualis da CAPES, na área de Ensino, no período de 2005 a 2013. A pesquisa é de métodos mistos e foi realizada com auxílio de técnicas bibliométricas e de Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS). Os resultados indicam um crescimento de trabalhos em coautoria, assim como mostram que seus elementos de conexão são os professores, com uma forte tendência dos alunos em publicar junto com seus orientadores.

In Brazil, the CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) provides grants, funds and fellowships to productive scientists to support their investigations. They are ranked and categorized into four hierarchical levels ranging from PQ 1A (the highest) to PQ 1D (the lowest). Few studies, however, report and analyse scientific productivity in different sub-fields of Biomedical Sciences (BS), e.g., Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Biophysics and Physiology. In fact, systematic comparisons of productivity among the PQ 1 categories within the above sub-fields are lacking in the literature. Here, the scientific productivity of 323 investigators receiving PQ 1 fellowships (A to D levels) in these sub-fields of BS was investigated. The Scopus database was used to compile the total number of articles, citations, h-index values and authorship positions (first-, co- or last-listed author) in the most cited papers by researchers granted CNPq fellowships. We found that researchers from Pharmacology had the best performance for all of the parameters analysed, followed by those in Biochemistry. There was great variability in scientific productivity within the PQ 1A level in all of the sub-fields of BS, but not within the other levels (1B, 1C and 1D). Analysis of the most cited papers of PQ 1(A-D) researchers in Pharmacology revealed that the citations of researchers in the 1C and 1D levels were associated with publications with their senior supervisors, whereas those in the 1B level were less connected with their supervisors in comparison to those in 1A. Taken together, these findings suggest that the scientific performance of PQ 1A researchers in BS is not homogenous. In our opinion, parameters such as the most cited papers without the involvement of Ph.D. and/or post-doctoral supervisors should be used to make decisions regarding any given researcher's fellowship award level.

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RESUMOEste artigo tem como objetivo refletir a respeito da formação inicial e/ou continuada dos professores, de seus desafios no ensino de Ciências da Natureza e da forma como orientam seus alunos na construção do conhecimento científico. Aborda, sob a ótica de diferentes autores, o "saber" e o "saber fazer" dos professores de ciências, na ideia de aprendizagem como construção de conhecimentos. Aponta para o perfil do professor de ciências como aquele que fará a mediação do conhecimento para seus alunos objetivando aprendizagem, tendo como desafio a utilização do conhecimento científico, das tecnologias educacionais e de estratégias didáticas que, muitas vezes, não estiveram presentes em sua formação. O ensino realizado por esse professor é visto, também, como aprendizagem para ele. Por fim, considera a necessidade de qualificação do professor, para que esse não fique à margem das necessidades escolares sem identificar suas insuficiências.Palavras Chave: Formação de professores, Ciências, Conhecimento científico. ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the initial and / or continuous training of teachers, their challenges in the teaching of Natural Sciences and how they guide their students in the construction of scientific knowledge. Addresses from the perspective of different authors the "knowledge" and "know-how" of science teachers the idea of learning as construction of knowledge. It points to the profile of the science teacher as the one who will mediate knowledge for his students with a view to learning, challenging the use of scientific knowledge, educational technologies and didactic strategies that were often not present in their training. View that teaching done by this teacher is seen also as a learning for himself. Finally, consider the need for qualification of the teacher, so that this does not stay on the sidelines of school needs without identifying its shortcomings.