This study analyzes the use of social media sources by nine news outlets in Chile in regard to Covid-19. We identified the most frequently used types of sources, their evolution over time, and the differences between the various social media platforms used by the Chilean media during the pandemic. Specifically, we extracted 838,618 messages published by Chilean media on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter between January and December 2020. An initial machine learning (MA) process was applied to automatically identify 168,250 messages that included keywords that link their content to Covid-19. Based on a list of 2,130 entities, another MA process was used to apply a set of rules based on the appearance of declarative verbs or common expressions used by the media when citing a source, and the use of colons or quotation marks to detect the presence of different types of sources in the news content. The results reveal that Chilean media outlets’ use of different voices on social media broadly favored political sources followed by health, citizen, academic-scientific, and economic ones. Although the hierarchy of the most important sources used to narrate the public health crisis tended to remain stable, there were nuances over time, and its variation depended on key historic milestones. An analysis of the use of sources by each platform revealed that Twitter was the least pluralist, giving space to a more restricted group of voices and intensifying the presence of political sources over the others, particularly citizen sources. Finally, our study revealed significant differences across media types in the use of political, health, and citizen sources, with television showing a greater presence than in other types of media. Resumen Se analiza el uso de fuentes en redes sociales de nueve medios de información de referencia en Chile frente al Covid-19. Se identificaron los tipos de fuentes más utilizados, su evolución en el tiempo, así como las diferencias encontradas entre distintas plataformas de redes sociales de los medios chilenos. Específicamente, se extrajeron 838.618 publicaciones de medios nacionales desde Facebook, Instagram y Twitter entre enero y diciembre de 2020. A ese corpus se aplicó un primer proceso de machine learning (MA) para filtrar automáticamente 168.250 publicaciones que incluían palabras claves que identifican su contenido con el Covid-19. A partir de una lista de 2.130 entidades, se utilizó otro proceso de MA para aplicar un conjunto de reglas basadas en la presencia de verbos declarativos o de expresiones comunes usadas por los medios cuando se cita a una entidad, así como el uso de dos puntos o de comillas, con el objeto de detectar distintos tipos de fuentes en el contenido informativo. Los resultados muestran que el uso que los medios chilenos dieron a distintas voces en sus redes sociales favoreció ampliamente a las fuentes políticas, seguidas por las fuentes de salud, y más desde lejos por las ciudadanas, académico-científicas y económicas. Aunque la jerarquía de las fuentes que se usó para narrar la crisis sanitaria tendió a mantenerse estable, tuvo matices a lo largo del tiempo y su variación dependió de los hitos que marcaron la historia del país. Al analizar el uso de fuentes según plataforma, se observa a Twitter como menos pluralista, dando espacio a un grupo más restringido de voces e intensificando la presencia de las fuentes políticas por sobre las demás; en especial, por sobre las ciudadanas. Finalmente, nuestro estudio reveló diferencias significativas en las fuentes utilizadas por publicaciones de origen televisivo, particularmente en el uso de fuentes políticas, de salud y ciudadanas, las cuales tuvieron una presencia mayor que en los demás tipos de medios

Traditional media sources have adopted Twitter as a canal to broadcast information across digital audiences. This study has the objective of analyzing the characteristics of the tweets published by Spanish media sources during the twelve months in which presidential electoral processes took place. This was done to test the differences in the use of this platform, according to the content of the coverage, and the phase in which it was published. Our research uses a quantitative methodology, where we used computerized content analysis for Twitter publications that different media made during 2015 and 2016. Our results revealed a promotional use of tools such as the hashtag, or mentions in media with less followers. At the same time, political information was characterized by containing a higher use of mentions and statements by the candidates, especially during the election campaigning, favoring the creation of echo chambers in the political Twittersphere.

Cómo citar este artículo / Referencia normalizadaL Cárcamo-Ulloa, D Calva Rosales, N Ronquillo Rodríguez, , F Nesbet Montecinos (2017): "México, en la prensa chilena: análisis basado en minería de datos textuales en Twitter". El objetivo general del estudio es describir cuánto se habla y sobre qué temas en la prensa chilena sobre la nación mexicana, así como el impacto que esto puede generar en la construcción de la imagen intercultural. Para este trabajo se utilizó una metodología basada en minería de datos, a partir de un crawler (software automatizado que recolecta metódicamente datos textuales y frecuencias de emisión) que sigue a los medios de prensa chilenos y almacena sus titulares en un servidor. Posteriormente, con el apoyo de herramientas tales como Elasticsearch y Kibana, se pudo explorar los datos textuales contenidos en la base de datos. Con posterioridad al minado clasificamos los titulares en 10 frentes informativos. Conclusiones: Entre las conclusiones podemos señalar que existe una fuerte asociación de México a los acontecimientos deportivos, a los problemas de narcotráfico, violencia y sucesos protagonizados por artistas.[EN] Introduction: The present article researches 3.842 mentions about Mexico and the Mexican people in the Chilean press (290 medias), based on their headlines on the period comprised from 15th March to 15th June of 2016. Methodology: The collection of dates had extracted from the accounts of the medias in the network Twitter. Objectives: The general purpose of this investigation is describing how much the Chilean press speaks about Mexico and which are the most recurring issues, thus the RLCS, Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72 -Páginas 897 a 914Investigación Financiada |

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Citizens get informed, on a daily basis, from social networks in general and from the media in particular. Accordingly, the media are increasingly expressing their concern about phenomena related to disinformation. This article presents an analysis of the social networks of 159 Chilean media that, over 5 years, referred to fake news or disinformation on 10,699 occasions. Based on data science strategies, the Queltehue platform was programmed to systematically track the information posted by 159 media on their social networks (Instagram, Facebook and Twitter). The universe of data obtained (13 million news items) was filtered with a specific query to reach 10,699 relevant posts, which underwent textual computer analysis (LDA) complemented with manual strategies of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA). Among the findings, it is revealed that the recurrent themes over the years have mostly referred to fake news and politics and fake news related to health issues. This is widely explained on the grounds of a political period in Chile which involved at least five electoral processes, in addition to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding the multimodal analysis, it is observed that when the dissemination of fake news involves well-known figures such as politicians or government authorities, an image or a video in which such figure appears is used. In these cases, two phenomena occur: (a) these figures have the opportunity to rectify their false or misinforming statements or (b) in most cases, their statements are reiterated and end up reinforcing the controversy. In view of these results, it seems necessary to ask whether this is all that can be done and whether this is enough that communication can do to guarantee healthy and democratic societies.