The overall performance of the MAMMI reported on this evaluation quantifies its ability to produce high quality PET images. Spatial resolution values below 3 mm were measured in most of the FOV. Only the radial component of spatial resolution exceeds the 3 mm at radial positions larger than 60 mm. This study emphasizes the need for standardized testing methodologies for dedicated breast PET systems similar to NEMA standards for whole-body and small animal PET scanners.

Abstract:Purpose: We have developed a trimodal PET/SPECT/CT scanner for small animal imaging. The gamma ray sub-systems are based on monolithic crystals coupled to multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (MA-PMTs), while CT comprises a commercially available micro-focus X-ray tube and a CsI scintillator 2D pixelated flat panel X-ray detector. In this study we will report on the design and performance evaluation of the multimodal system. Methods: X-ray transmission measurements are performed based on cone-beam geometry. Individual projections were acquired by rotating the X-ray tube and the 2D flat panel detector, thus making possible a transaxial FOV of roughly 80 mm in diameter and an axial FOV of 65 mm for the CT system. The SPECT component has a dual head detector geometry mounted on a rotating gantry. The distance between the SPECT module detectors can be varied in order to optimize specific user requirements, including variable FOV. The PET system is made up of eight compact modules forming an octagon with an axial Field Of View (FOV) of 40 mm and a transaxial FOV of 80 mm in diameter. The main CT image quality parameters (spatial resolution and uniformity) have been determined. In the case of the SPECT, the tomographic spatial resolution and system sensitivity have been evaluated with a 99m Tc solution using single-pinhole and multipinhole collimators. PET and SPECT images were reconstructed using threedimensional (3D) Maximum Likelihood and Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (MLEM and OSEM)) algorithms developed by the authors, whereas the CT images were obtained using a 3D based FBP algorithm.Results: CT spatial resolution was 85 μm while a uniformity of 2.7% was obtained for a water filled phantom at 45 kV. The SPECT spatial resolution was better than 0.8 mm measured with a Derenzo-like phantom for a FOV of 20 mm using a 1-mm pinhole aperture collimator. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) PET radial spatial resolution at the center of the field of view was 1.55 mm. The SPECT system sensitivity for a FOV of 20 mm and 15% energy window was 700 cps/MBq (7.8x10 -2 %) using a multi-pinhole equipped with 5 apertures 1 mm in diameter, whereas the PET absolute sensitivity was 2% for a 350-650 keV energy window and a 5 ns timing window. Several animal images are also presented. Conclusions:The new small animal PET/SPECT/CT proposed here exhibits high performance, producing high-quality images suitable for studies with small animals. Monolithic design for PET and SPECT scintillator crystals reduces cost and complexity without significant performance degradation.

Light is the most prominent synchronizing stimulus for circadian rhythms. The circadian visual system responds in accordance with the energy content of photic stimuli longer than a few seconds. Here, as few as three flashes (2 ms each delivered to hamsters over 5 or 60 min at circadian time 19) elicited large phase advances. Ten or more flashes were required to induce FOS protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and such induction occurred throughout the entire SCN, as well as outside the nucleus. High-density flash stimulation (0.5 s interflash interval) was ineffective, but response increased as the interval increased up to 4 s. In an irradiance response test, phase shifts appeared to be all-or-none with threshold irradiance between 140 and 1070 W/cm 2 , implying lack of stimulus energy summation. Nevertheless, an irradiance ineffective when delivered as 10 flashes induced phase shifts when given as100 flashes, but the response was substantially smaller than elicited by 10 flashes, each with ϳ1 log unit more irradiance. The results also show reduced sensitivity of flash-induced FOS response in the intergeniculate leaflet compared with the SCN, contrary to studies using longer light stimuli. Masking was robust and prolonged in response to 10 flashes. The data demonstrate that the circadian visual system responds markedly to brief, intense light stimuli without normal photic integration. This may involve a second input pathway different from that mediating the effects of longer, dimmer photic stimuli.