Recebido em 17/4/10; aceito em 28/9/10; publicado na web em 26/1/11 UTILIZATION OF THE SOLID AMALGAM ELECTRODES IN THE ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. This review reports the use of solid amalgam electrodes in the electroanalytical determination of organic and inorganic compounds. The different types of amalgam electrodes are presented, and attention is paid to solid amalgam electrode, and here is presented details about the pre-treatment for activation and renovation and also possible modifications in its surface. The wide potential range, higher signal-to-noise ratio, mechanical stability enabling their application in flowing systems, and principally their resistance toward passivation, indicate that the solid amalgam electrodes are environmentally friendly alternatives to mercury electrodes, without loss in the sensitivity and reproducibility in voltammetric responses.Keywords: solid amalgam electrodes; mercury; environmentally friendly sensor. CONSIDERAÇÕES GERAISO emprego de quaisquer técnicas voltamétricas possibilita que informações sobre a concentração e a identidade de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos possam ser obtidas a partir da variação sistemática do potencial elétrico do eletrodo de trabalho, que promove o surgimento de uma resposta de corrente em função do potencial aplicado.1 Além disto, os métodos voltamétricos podem ser utilizados em estudos fundamentais de processos de oxidação e redução em vários eletrólitos e solventes, na determinação de constantes de equilíbrio, constantes de formação de complexos, constantes cinéti-cas de processos redox e, também, na determinação de processos de adsorção na superfície de eletrodos. 3 Nos últimos 15 anos, a utilização de técnicas voltamétricas tem aumentado intensamente, principalmente em função dos avanços tecnológicos que propiciaram o desenvolvimento de diferentes técnicas envolvendo a aplicação de pulsos de potencial, as quais são poderosas ferramentas para determinações analíticas e estudos de reações de transferência de carga na interface eletrodo-solução.Considerando-se o uso de parâmetros experimentais e voltamé-tricos previamente otimizados, as técnicas voltamétricas modernas, tais como, a voltametria de pulso diferencial, 4 a voltametria de onda quadrada 5,6 e a voltametria de ondas quadradas múltiplas, 7 são capazes de fornecer sensibilidade analítica similar e, algumas vezes, até melhor do que aquela obtida com o emprego das técnicas cromatográficas de separação e detecção ou das técnicas espectroscópicas. As técnicas voltamétricas ainda apresentam a vantagem de minimização do tempo e dos custos das análises e a possibilidade de especiação química.Contudo, o sucesso no emprego de técnicas voltamétricas modernas não está relacionado apenas à escolha da forma de aplicação dos pulsos de potenciais, que caracteriza a técnica empregada, mas principalmente à escolha adequada do eletrodo de trabalho, isto porque as respostas de corrente obtidas são sempre relacionadas às reações redox que ocorrem na superfície do eletro...
This study examined the influence of citrate and tartrate as complexing agents on the electrodeposition and surface morphology of Cu-Ni layers. The alloys obtained in the tartaric acid and sulphate baths were nobler than those obtained in the citric acid/citrate and citric acid/ citrate/tartaric acid media. The results indicated that the complexing medium influences the nobility and the type of mass transport of the alloy formed. The morphology of the electrodeposited Cu-Ni layers changed from a rather porous appearance in the absence of the complexing agents to nodular, cracked mud and cauliflower appearances for the citric acid/sodium citrate/sodium sulphate medium, tartaric acid/sodium sulphate medium and citric acid/sodium citrate/tartaric acid/sodium sulphate medium, respectively. The chemical composition of the Cu-Ni layers revealed the preferential deposition of copper. The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry measurements indicated the occurrence of the d-d type transition, regardless of the complexing medium employed.
The highly boron-doped diamond electrode (HBDD) combined with square wave voltammetry (SWV) was used in the development of an analytical procedure for diquat determination in potato and sugar cane samples and lemon, orange, tangerine and pineapple juices. Preliminary experiments realised in a medium of 0.05 mol L À1 Na 2 B 4 O 7 showed the presence of two voltammetric peaks around À0.6 V and around À1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/Cl À 3.0 mol L À1 , where the first peak could be successfully used for analytical proposes due the facility in the electrode surface renovation. After the experimental and voltammetric optimisation, the calculated detection and quantification limits were 1.6 10 À10 mol L À1 and 5.3 10, respectively), which are lower than the maximum residue limit established for fresh food samples by the Brazilian Sanitary Vigilance Agency. The proposed methodology was used to determine diquat residues in potato and sugar cane samples and lemon, orange, tangerine and pineapple juices and the calculated recovery efficiencies indicated that the proposed procedure presents higher robustness, stability and sensitivity, good reproducibility, and is very adequate for diquat determination in complex samples.
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