For the calculation of the electrostatic free energy (and also the entropy) of solvation of an ion, a model is set up in which an ion of given crystallographic radius is surrounded by a series of concentric spherical layers, each with a different relative permittivity, immersed in the bulk liquid. A complete general solution is given for any number of such layers, both for the electrostatic free energy of solvation and the corresponding entropy term. The dielectric saturation effect is taken into account through the different relative permittivities of the layers. The first layer, next to the ion, is considered to have a special role and to have a relative permittivity ε=n2, independent of the dielectric saturation effect of the ion.

We propose a fleet of nanosatellites to perform an all-sky monitoring and timing based localisation of gamma-ray transients. The fleet of at least nine 3U cubesats shall be equipped with large and thin CsI(Tl) scintillator based soft gamma-ray detectors read out by multi-pixel photon counters. For bright short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), by cross-correlating their light curves, the fleet shall be able to determine the time difference of the arriving GRB signal between the satellites and thus determine the source position with an accuracy of ∼ 10 . This requirement demands precise time synchronization and accurate time stamping of the detected gamma-ray photons, which will be achieved by using on-board GPS receivers. Rapid follow up observations at other wavelengths require the capability for fast, nearly simultaneous downlink of data using a global inter-satellite communication network. In terms of all-sky coverage, the proposed fleet will outperform all GRB monitoring missions.

-Beremendia fi ssidens and B. minor remains of the late Early Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of the Somssich Hill 2 locality are described. B. minor is reported here as a new element in the site. Th is record emended the stratigraphic range of this species to the Early Biharian Stage, Nagyharsányhegy Phase (ca. 900 ka). Th e detailed morphological and morphometrical studies gave a chance to make a new diff erential diagnosis between the two forms. Both of them might have been characterized by special nutrition strategy (poisoning snails and other small animals by their grooved lower incisor and storing them in their pits) and they could have lived in forest-and bushcovered lake-, or riversides. Th e European stratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical occurrences of the genus are summarized on the basis of published literature. With 30 fi gures and 3 tables.

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