Background: Antinuclear antibody pattern recognition is vital for autoimmune disease diagnosis but labor-intensive for manual interpretation. To develop an automated pattern recognition system, we established machine learning models based on the International Consensus on Antinuclear Antibody Patterns (ICAP) at a competent level, mixed patterns recognition, and evaluated their consistency with human reading. Methods: 51,694 human epithelial cells (HEp-2) cell images with patterns assigned by experienced medical technologists collected in a medical center were used to train six machine learning algorithms and were compared by their performance. Next, we choose the best performing model to test the consistency with five experienced readers and two beginners. Results: The mean F1 score in each classification of the best performing model was 0.86 evaluated by Testing Data 1. For the inter-observer agreement test on Testing Data 2, the average agreement was 0.849 (?) among five experienced readers, 0.844 between the best performing model and experienced readers, 0.528 between experienced readers and beginners. The results indicate that the proposed model outperformed beginners and achieved an excellent agreement with experienced readers. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the developed model could reach an excellent agreement with experienced human readers using machine learning methods.

As the globe undergoes extreme climate changes, disaster events and their disaster scale continue to increase; therefore, it has become imperative to devise disaster prevention measures. Traditional flood monitoring devices, while operating in harsh environments, are often influenced by changes in weather conditions such light, rain, and fog. Consequently, recorded images are often blurred or damaged, which increases the possibility of errors in judgment or delays in the hazard mitigation process. In this study, an automated identification method for flood monitoring based on real-time video images is proposed. The method can be used by the Water Conservancy Agency of the Ministry of Economic Affairs automated for automated identification of flooded areas and for automated determination of the water levels of the main rivers from image data. This paper presents results to show that the capability to detect temporal changes in image sequences is crucial for an automated image-based flood alarm system used in disaster-monitoring applications.

This study aimed to develop an early prediction model for identifying patients with bloodstream infections. The data resource was taken from 2015 to 2019 at Taichung Veterans General Hospital, and a total of 1647 bloodstream infection episodes and 3552 non-bloodstream infection episodes in the intensive care unit (ICU) were included in the model development and evaluation. During the data analysis, 30 clinical variables were selected, including patients’ basic characteristics, vital signs, laboratory data, and clinical information. Five machine learning algorithms were applied to examine the prediction model performance. The findings indicated that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the prediction performance of the XGBoost model was 0.825 for the validation dataset and 0.821 for the testing dataset. The random forest model also presented higher values for the AUROC on the validation dataset and testing dataset, which were 0.855 and 0.851, respectively. The tree-based ensemble learning model enabled high detection ability for patients with bloodstream infections in the ICU. Additionally, the analysis of importance of features revealed that alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and the period of the central venous catheter are the most important predictors for bloodstream infections. We further explored the relationship between features and the risk of bloodstream infection by using the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) visualized method. The results showed that a higher prothrombin time is more prominent in a bloodstream infection. Additionally, the impact of a lower platelet count and albumin was more prominent in a bloodstream infection. Our results provide additional clinical information for cut-off laboratory values to assist clinical decision-making in bloodstream infection diagnostics.

Objective The aim of this study was to develop an artificial intelligence–based model to detect the presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) using clinical data and chest X-ray (CXR) data. Method The transfer learning method was used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) model with an external image dataset to extract the image features. Then, the last layer of the model was fine-tuned to determine the probability of ARDS. The clinical data were trained using three machine learning algorithms—eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR)—to estimate the probability of ARDS. Finally, ensemble-weighted methods were proposed that combined the image model and the clinical data model to estimate the probability of ARDS. An analysis of the importance of clinical features was performed to explore the most important features in detecting ARDS. A gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) model was used to explain what our CNN sees and understands when making a decision. Results The proposed ensemble-weighted methods improved the performances of the ARDS classifiers (XGB + CNN, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.916; RF + CNN, AUC = 0.920; LR + CNN, AUC = 0.920; XGB + RF + LR + CNN, AUC = 0.925). In addition, the ML model using clinical data to present the top 15 important features to identify the risk factors of ARDS. Conclusion This study developed combined machine learning models with clinical data and CXR images to detect ARDS. According to the results of the Shapley Additive exPlanations values and the Grad-CAM techniques, an explicable ARDS diagnosis model is suitable for a real-life scenario.

Street lighting is a fundamental aspect of security systems in homes, industrial facilities, and public places. To detect parking lot occupancy in outdoor environments, street light control plays a crucial role in smart surveillance applications that can perform robustly in extreme surveillance environments. However, traditional parking occupancy systems are mostly implemented for outdoor environments using costly sensor-based techniques. This study uses the Jetson TX2 to develop a method that can accurately identify street parking occupancy and control streetlights to assist occupancy detection, thereby reducing costs, and can adapt to various weather conditions. The proposed method adopts You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLO v3, Seattle, WA, USA) based on MobileNet version 2 (MobileNet v2, Salt Lake City, UT, USA), which is area-based and uses voting to stably recognize occupancy status. This solution was verified using the CNRPark + EXT dataset, a simulated model, and real scenes photographed with a camera. Our experiments revealed that the proposed framework can achieve stable parking occupancy detection in streets.