Cancer is a major disease endangering human health. More and more studies have shown that microorganisms play an extremely important role in the occurrence, development and treatment of tumors. As a very promising tumor treatment strategy, immunotherapy has also been proved to have a great relationship with microorganisms. Here, the authors review the contribution of the microbiota to cancer and the research on its impact on cancer immunotherapy. We also highlight the possible mechanism of their interaction and outlined the potential application of microbiota in tumor immunotherapy.
Bone defects caused by disease or trauma are often accompanied
by infection, which severely disrupts the normal function of bone
tissue at the defect site. Biomaterials that can simultaneously reduce
inflammation and promote osteogenesis are effective tools for addressing
this problem. In this study, we set up a programmed delivery platform
based on a chitosan scaffold to enhance its osteogenic activity and
prevent implant-related infections. In brief, the osteogenic peptide
sequence (YGFGG) was modified onto the surface of cowpea chlorotic
mottle virus (CCMV) to form CCMV-YGFGG nanoparticles. CCMV-YGFGG exhibited
good biocompatibility and osteogenic ability in vitro. Then, CCMV-YGFGG
and lysozyme were loaded on the chitosan scaffold, which exhibited
a good antibacterial effect and promoted bone regeneration for infected
bone defect treatment. As a delivery platform, the scaffold showed
staged release of lysozyme and CCMV-YGFGG, which facilitates the regeneration
of infected bone defects. Our study provides a novel and promising
strategy for the treatment of infected bone defects.
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease characterized by excessive osteoclast-induced bone loss. RANKL/RANK signaling pathway is essential for osteoclastogenesis and is a key target for osteoporosis. However, regarding the fact that RANKL/RANK also functions beyond bone, the total block of RANKL/RANK will have unwanted impact on other organs. Our previous study revealed that mutation of RANK-specific motifs inhibited osteoclastogenesis without effects on other organs in mice. However, the instability and low cellular uptake efficiency limited the application of the therapeutic peptide originating from the amino acid sequence of RANKspecific motifs (RM). To this end, in this study, the peptide RM (SRPVQEQGGA (C to N terminal)) was chemically modified onto the surface of the plant virus-based nanoparticles cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). Subsequent experiments showed that the novel virus nanoparticles RM-CCMV had excellent biocompatibility and stability, which ultimately facilitated its cellular uptake efficiency and improved its inhibitive effects on osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, RM-CCMV achieved bone enrichment and suppressed bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and improving the parameters of bone histomorphology in murine femurs. To be mentioned, the effective dose of CCMV conjugated RM was only 6.25% of free RM. In summary, these results have provided a promising therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis.
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