Au, Ag, Se, and Si nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous solutions of HAuCl4, AgNO3, Na2SeO3, and Na2SiO3 with extra- and intracellular extracts from the xylotrophic basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Grifola frondosa. The shape, size, and aggregation properties of the nanoparticles depended both on the fungal species and on the extract type. The bioreduction of the metal-containing compounds and the formation rate of Au and Ag nanoparticles depended directly on the phenol oxidase activity of the fungal extracts used. The biofabrication of Se and Si nanoparticles did not depend on phenol oxidase activity. When we used mycelial extracts from different fungal morphological structures, we succeeded in obtaining nanoparticles of differing shapes and sizes. The cytotoxicity of the noble metal nanoparticles, which are widely used in biomedicine, was evaluated on the HeLa and Vero cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the Au nanoparticles was negligible in a broad concentration range (1–100 µg/mL), whereas the Ag nanoparticles were nontoxic only when used between 1 and 10 µg/mL.

This article analyzes data on the diversity of shapes and sizes of nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis from HAuCl 4 , AgNO 3 , Na 2 SeO 3 , and Na 2 SiO 3 by using xylotrophic and humus basidiomycetes and soil bacteria. The formation of nanoparticles of various shapes and sizes was controlled by changing the bioreduction conditions, including culture type and age, growth medium, culture liquid, mycelial extract, isolated proteins, and incubation time. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles were represented exclusively by spheres whose size varied from 20 to 550 nm, depending on the culture. Autoclaving of selenium nanoparticles fabricated with bacterial cultures yielded nanowires with a width of 20−150 nm and a length of more than 10 μm. With bacterial culture liquids, silicon nanospheres were synthesized, ranging in size from very small (5−15 nm) to relatively large (250 nm) particles. The use of the Agaricus culture liquid made it possible to obtain mesoporous particles with a size of 30−60 nm. The size and shape of the fabricated gold and silver nanoparticles were very diverse, depending on the bioreduction conditions, and were represented by regular and irregular spheres; large balls; hexagonal, tetragonal, and triangular prisms; tetrahedrons; and nanobelts. The particle size ranged from 1−10 to 200−500 nm.

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Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity. Fungi are capable of producing a wide range of biologically active compounds and have a powerful enzymatic system that allows them to form nanoparticles of various chemical elements. This review attempts to summarize and provide a comparative analysis of the currently accumulated data, including, among others, our research group’s works, on the variety of the characteristics of the nanoparticles produced by various fungal species, their mycelium, fruiting bodies, extracts and purified fungal metabolites.