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In this letter we have proposed a four-level graphene monolayer system for identifying the topological charge of Laguerre–Gaussian light. Here, we have shown that due to the four-wave mixing mechanism in the monolayer graphene system, a weak signal beam can be generated due to quantum coherence and interference effect. We have discussed the spatially dependent linear absorption spectrums of the weak probe and new generated signal beams via quantum mechanical density matrix formalism. We have found that by numbering the spot areas of the probe and signal beams, one can realize the topological charge of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam interacts by monolayer graphene system. Moreover, we have realized that for some topological charge the new generated signal beam can be amplified in the graphene system.

In the present study, the objective was to probe the capacity of the Fe2O3/Bentonite/TiO2 (Fe2O3/B/TiO2) nanoparticles to act as a catalyst in degrading the reactive red 198 (RR198) dye and textile factory wastewater, utilizing irradiation with visible and UV light. The efficiency of this degradation was studied for a variety of experimental parameters by employing real samples of textile wastewater. After 60 min of reaction time, complete degradation of the target pollutant was visible using the synthesized catalyst, i.e., Fe2O3/B/TiO2, under UV light; the same effect was noted after 90 min under visible light. Further, the ease of separation and quick collection of the synthesized Fe2O3/B/TiO2 can result in keeping the photocatalytic efficiency high, as well as raising the reusability. The photocatalytic processes under UV and visible light were found capable of converting the non-biodegradable textile wastewater into biodegradable one. Besides, with the introduction of Daphnia manga, the toxicity of the effluent was examined. Through photocatalysis, utilizing both techniques, the dye toxicity in the solution was fully neutralized, and the intensity of toxicity of the textile effluent was lowered by around 70%. The conclusion drawn in this study showed that the synthesized catalyst displayed good efficiency in removing organic compounds from the textile effluents by both photocatalytic processes using UV and visible light.

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