The expulsion of refugees, either by the state party or by the non-state party  to the 1951 Refugee Convention or countries  has  protracted the refugees’ suffering. Some countries which are the parties to the 1951 Convention even drive out the refugees to outside their national territory for reasons that the refugees were threatening national security or disturbing public order in the country. In the discussion, it is found that firstly, the principle of non-refoulement is a jus cogen and has become customary international law. The non-refoulement principle has legal binding power to both the State party and the non-State party to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Secondly, according to Article 32 paragraph 1 of the 1951 Convention, the implementation of the principle of non-refouelement is not absolute. Exceptions can only be made if the refugees concerned become a threat to national security and disturb public. Thirdly, Indonesia has not yet the State Party to the Refugee Convention of 1951 but Indonesia is subject to the principle of non-refouelement. This is because  (i) Indonesia has ratified the Convention against Torture, the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Person in Time of War and the ICCPR/International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (set on the principle of non-refoulement), (ii) the obligation of the state to rule of customary international law (based on the moral and ethical aspects of the enforcement of international law), and (iii) there is legal instrument issued by the government related to the principle of the principle of non-refouelement; Fourth, there is no written sanctions imposed on Indonesia if violations of international law are with regard to the refugee problems.

Kedaulatan mengandung arti bahwa negara mempunyai hak kekuasaan penuh untuk melaksanakan hak teritorialnya dalam batas wilayah negara yang bersangkutan. Perwujudan kedaulatan negara tersebut diemban oleh Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi. Namun, kini kedaulatan negara berada dalam situasi yang mengkhawatirkan. Hal tersebut, dapat dilihat dari semakin meningkatnya keberadaan pengungsi dan pencari suaka. Belum lagi adanya eksodus tenaga kerja asing asal Tiongkok yang kini mulai mengekspansi sektor ketenagakerjaan. Rumusan masalah yang diteliti dalam tulisan ini adalah bagaimana keberlakuan eksistensi kedaulatan negara Indonesia dalam perspektif keimigrasian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat kualitatif dan logika berpikir campuran (deduktif dan induktif). Dari hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa permasalahan kebijakan bebas visa kunjungan, keberadaan pengungsi dan pencari suaka, serta eksodus tenaga kerja asing Tiongkok berdampak langsung terhadap kedaulatan negara Indonesia. Hal ini tentu mempengaruhi tatanan ideologi, politik, ekonomi, sosial budaya, pertahanan dan keamanan, serta kedaulatan negara. Inilah yang menjadi tantangan serius yang harus dihadapi. Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi harus menjadi otoritas terdepan dalam menjaga wibawa pintu gerbang negara (bhumi pura wira wibawa).

Indonesia is one of the countries that is often a transit point for immigrants who want to seek asylum in other countries. This illegal arrival is certainly very detrimental to Indonesia. This is because the arrival of these refugees is considered a threat to national security and resilience. The trend of the number of refugees that continues to increase every year has caused various problems in handling foreign refugees in Indonesia. Indonesia did not ratify the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, but on the basis of human rights. As a transit country, Indonesia is experiencing a build-up of refugee flows due to the uncertain timing of the status granting process from UNHCR and moreover third countries limit the acceptance of refugees. However, Indonesia continues to provide various forms of assistance in dealing with the problems faced by refugees. The government has also issued several regulations including Presidential Decree Number 125 of 2016 and other technical regulations. Indonesia also collaborates with non-governmental institutions, such as academics, humanitarian activists, and faith and charity-based organizations. This collaboration has implications for the existence of asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesia. It is hoped that with this regulation and cooperation, it can provide legal certainty regarding solutions to refugee problems in Indonesia.

Immigration crime and criminal law are one of the interesting studies not only seen in terms of law enforcement but also criminal law politics and authority arrangements in immigration. For Indonesia, the problem of immigration is a challenging problem, not because it is only the location of Indonesia that is vast and has many access points for immigrants, but also the authority between institutions. Article 105 of Law Number 6 Year 2011 on Immigration, states that the Immigration Civil Servant Investigator is authorized as an Immigration criminal investigator conducted in accordance with the provisions. The results of this study are: (1) enforcement of immigration law conducted one of them with the investigation of perpetrators of violations of the Immigration Act. The process of investigating the perpetrators of violation of Immigration Law is based on the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code as lex generalis and Immigration Law as lex specialis. In this research, law enforcement has been carried out in order to participate in trading fake immigration/passport travel documents by providing unauthorized data or incorrect information to the Immigration officer to obtain travel documents of the Republic of Indonesia for himself, (2) in implementing immigration law enforcement function there are still obstacles faced Immigration Civil Servant Investigator include low knowledge, lack of operational fund, lack of public participation in reporting the existence of foreigner in their environment, weakness of coordination with other law apparatus and obstacle from law factors.

The development of globalization brings various impacts on labour and immigration law in Indonesia. The most frequent immigration violations are the abuse of immigration residence permits by foreign workers, especially in energy and mining companies. The Turnkey Project Mangement between Indonesia and China has a systemic impact, especially on foreign capital ownership, infrastructure, and labour. Examples of cases of foreign workers in energy and mining companies are located in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Based on data released by the Ministry of Manpower as of April 6, 2018, there are at least 927 Chinese who work illegally in a number of mining companies. The foreign workers is mostly employed in Virtue Dragon Nickel Industry with a total of 632 people. Another case also occurred in Lahat, South Sumatra Province. There are at least about 671 Chinese citizens who work illegally in PT. Priamanaya Energy. Of these, at least 90% of foreign workers work in Indonesia in the energy and mining sectors. Most of them are illegal foreign workers who do not have a Limited Stay Permit Working from the Immigration Office and Permit for Working Foreign Workers from the Ministry of Manpower. Most of their modes are to use Visa Free Visa Policy that should not be for work. Based on the results of the discussion, can be explained as follows. First, the process of law enforcement on the abuse of immigration residence permit is done in two ways, namely Immigration Administrative Act and Investigation (Pro Justitia). Immigration Administrative Action is arranged in Article 75 paragraph (2) on Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. This action takes place outside the judicial process and is subject to immigration administrative violations. Meanwhile, the Investigation is a legal action from the Civil Servant Investigator of Immigration against the alleged criminal act of immigration. The case of improper immigration permit abuses by foreign workers is regulated in Article 122 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Second, in practice officers more often apply immigration administrative measures in resolving immigration residence cases. Based on the Performance Report of Directorate General of Immigration of 2017 stated that there are 1,992 Chinese conducted Immigration Administrative Actions, in the form of Deportation. About 80% of them are illegal workers in the energy and mining sectors. Investigative Actions is rarely implemented, as it is considered ineffective, requiring a relatively long time in the process. Then, budget allocations are still inadequate and human resources Civil Servant Investigator of Immigration is very limited evenly in all regions. In 2017, the number of investigative actions is only 286 people. It was very different from the number of immigration administrative actions. This is because law enforcement on the abuse of immigration stay permits is often limited by the number of Immigration Officers and the lack of coord...