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A fully integrated 2-GHz very low-phase-noise LC-tank voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) set with flicker noise upconversion minimization is presented. Using only integrated planar inductors, the measured phase noise is as low as 125.1 dBc/Hz at 600-kHz offset and 138 dBc/Hz at 3 MHz. The excellent phase-noise performance is achieved by means of an in-house-developed integrated inductor simulator-optimizer. To minimize the upconversion of flicker noise to 1/ 3 phase noise, a flicker-noise upconversion factor is defined, which can easily be extracted from circuit simulation. The technique is applied to demonstrate the relationship between the flicker-noise upconversion and the overdrive level of the oscillators' MOS cross-coupled pair and to develop circuit balancing techniques to even further reduce the flicker-noise upconversion. The 1/ 3 phase-noise corner is minimized to be less than 15 kHz. The VCO's are implemented in a three-metal layer, 0.65-m BiCMOS process, using only MOS active devices.Index Terms-Analog integrated circuits, flicker-noise upconversion, phase noise, voltage controlled oscillators.

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