In order to compare the healing of tendon to bone and the healing of bone to bone in a rabbit model, the lateral 4 mm of patellar tendons were detached from their insertion into the tibia either subperiosteally (group I) or with a bone block (group II) and implanted into drill holes in the proximal articular surface of the tibia. The histological and biomechanical features of the graft incorporation were observed at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Histological patterns similar to normal tendon-bone attachment were seen at the tendon-bone interface in group I by 12 weeks, while direct bony union was seen in group II by 8 weeks. The maximum tensile load and stiffness were significantly greater in group II at 4 and 8 weeks while the difference between the two groups was not significant at 2 and 12 weeks. These findings show that more rapid incorporation of the graft occurs in group II although no significant difference in biomechanical parameters was noted once healing was complete.Résumé Pour comparer la cicatrisation de tendon à os et la cicatrisation d'os à os chez le lapin, on a séparé une bande latérale de 4 mm du tendon rotulien soit en souspériosté (groupe I), soit avec une pastille osseuse (groupe II). Et puis, on l'a implantée dans le trou foré dans la surface articulaire proximale du tibia. Enfin, on a observé l'aspect histologique et biomécanique de l'incorporation de la greffe à la 2ème, 4ème, 8ème et 12ème semaine. On trouve un aspect histologique habituel de la jonction os-tendon normal dans le groupe I à 12 semaines tandis que 1'on peut voir 1'union osseuse directe dans le groupe II à 8 semaines. La charge admissible maximale et la résistance sont plus élevées dans le groupe II à la 4ème et 8ème semaine mais non aux semaines 2 et 12. Mais la différence entre deux groupes n'a pas été significative à 4ième et à 12ième semaine. Cela démon-tre que 1'incorporation de la greffe dans le groupe II se produit plus rapidement. Mais il n'y a pas de différence significative dans les paramètres biomécaniques après cicatrisation. IntroductionUnderstanding the mechanism of graft incorporation into bone is essential for successful reconstruction of knee ligaments using autograft structures. Among the techniques available for the reconstruction of knee ligaments, bone-patellar tendon-bone has been favoured by many surgeons as graft incorporation is achieved through bone-to-bone healing [1,4,5]. However, a bonetendon-bone structure is only provided by the bonepatellar tendon-bone technique. The increasing popularity of using tendons such as semitendinosus and gracilis has made it necessary to understand the incorporation process of the tendon graft at the insertion site, as postoperative rehabilitation depends on the histological restoration of a normal tendon-bone interface.The purpose of this study was to compare biological properties of tendon-to-bone healing and bone-to-bone healing using autograft structures in an animal model. Materials and methodsSkeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.4-3.8 kg we...

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The efficient, large-scale generation and control of photonic modes guided by van der Waals materials remains as a challenge despite their potential for on-chip photonic circuitry. We report three-atom-thick waveguides—δ waveguides—based on wafer-scale molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) monolayers that can guide visible and near-infrared light over millimeter-scale distances with low loss and an efficient in-coupling. The extreme thinness provides a light-trapping mechanism analogous to a δ-potential well in quantum mechanics and enables the guided waves that are essentially a plane wave freely propagating along the in-plane, but confined along the out-of-plane, direction of the waveguide. We further demonstrate key functionalities essential for two-dimensional photonics, including refraction, focusing, grating, interconnection, and intensity modulation, by integrating thin-film optical components with δ waveguides using microfabricated dielectric, metal, or patterned MoS 2 .

Our study suggests that CD105 and CD166 would be valuable surface markers associated with chondrogenic potential; thus, CD105- and CD166-enriched cells derived from human synovium would be practical and valuable sources for cartilage regeneration.

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